Actually Mr. President Barack Obama"
The Cherokee Nation was receiving (Millions) in funds from the United States of America up to 2007 in the Form of Reparations for the "Cherokee Freedman"
with The "U.S. Federal Government" in its haste to control The "Cherokee Nation (Stupidly) acted on a $33 Millions is Funds frozen Vs.
The (Negro) African American descendants of (America) imposed "Slavery" who receiving (Nothing) at all from dates of 1619-186 with Jim Crow Laws enforced there after
With the "Theft" by The United States of America" taking back all forms of Reparations
as described in the 40 acres and a mule refers to a concept in the United States for agrarian reform
For former enslaved African American farmers, following disruptions to the institution of slavery provoked by the American Civil War.
Many freedmen believed they had a moral right to own the land they had long worked as slaves, and were eager to control their own property.
Freed people widely expected to legally claim 40 acres (16 ha) of land and a mule after the end of the war, long after proclamations such as Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
And the Freedmen's Bureau Act were explicitly reversed.
Yet' Legal Precedents do in fact exist in 2014 "However" The American Judicial System is forever controlled By
The "White Ruling Class" Congress and (Negro) black African American families have to show for themselves: in 2014 an average household net worth of $4,955.
While The average "white household" in this New World" Namely these United States of America" having a net worth of $110,729.
(Negro) Black African Americans’ median net worth is less than 5 percent that of "white Americans".
And this is fully designed to be the normal well into 2090
My (Negro) African American descendants (People) of pass "Slavery" do not have any "Major
Government Innovation Organization" set up like The Cherokee Nation" whom benefit from (USA) Federal land grants, self preserved Native Americans Casino,
and funds allotment from the "United States of America" for Reparations continue well into 2007 with a 30 Million Froze in place as of this undersigned date........!
"However"
The (Negro) African American descendants would be 100% self efficient with a 2.8 Billion U.S.
Dollars Non-profit 501 (c) (3) Tax-Exempt to preserve the (Negro) African American (Race) as a Whole
Funds for a African American "Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History is "fine and dandy", but do not effect the (Negro) African American median in any shape or form, in 2014
You Can Not Eat a Museum, or have funds from said "Smithsonian's to aid in Social Rebuilding of the (Negro) African American Race
Which would have a product that is used in each of there daily lives, with growth continue fiancé,
Preserved on a market reaching out far and beyond on global power scale of being (Negro) African American "self efficient" and "Well preserved" deep into 2080
Respectfully
Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN)
Wednesday, January 29, 2014
Tuesday, January 28, 2014
Take Notice Mr. President Barack Obama, 2014 "Reparations Acts Funds is Persistence with (Negro) African Americans & Others ...xxooxx!
By Lou Carlozo
NEW YORK Thu Feb 23, 2012 2:56pm EST
(Reuters) - African American donors give away higher percentages of their incomes than white donors, according to a new study.
But they don't see themselves as big players in the charitable arena, and that presents an image problem, say experts like Judy Belk,
a senior vice president for Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
"African Americans have been very uncomfortable with the title of philanthropist," Belk said.
"If you don't see role models who look like you when people start talking about issues related to philanthropy, you start believing, 'Hey, maybe I'm not a philanthropist.'"
Belk said she got so weary of hearing this that she helped produce a 12-minute video released in November, dubbed,
"I Am A Philanthropist," which features diverse faces, races and ethnicities of donors and grant-makers.
Despite the challenges presented by that image problem, blacks do play a major, growing role in philanthropic circles.
Each year, black donors give away 25 percent more of their incomes than white donors,
according to a report released last month by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
Nearly two-thirds of black households make charitable donations, worth a total of about $11 billion a year, the report said.
The report cites black churches as a historically important repository of giving, but notes that other important causes are coming to the fore.
While religious giving was the largest charitable category overall, it leveled off in dollar terms in 2010,
according to Giving USA, a Chicago-area foundation that publishes philanthropy data and trends.
At the same time, contributions for the arts increased almost 6 percent, a trend that was consistent across all racial groups.
Identity-based giving is gaining momentum in the Latino, Asian American, Arab American, and Native American communities, according to the Kellogg report.
Black Americans have produced the steadiest growth of new identity-based charitable funds over the last four decades of any racial or ethnic group examined in the report.
While 12 black funds existed in 1970, more than six times that number exist today.
They award grants that range from $1,250 to $17 million, and they have a median annual grantmaking budget of
$35,000.
Belk said she is encouraged by the new findings, but added that much work needs to be done to connect blacks to resources that can help them strategize their philanthropic giving.
"It's confirmed what many of us who had our ear to the ground already knew," said Belk.
FINDING ISSUES THAT RESONATE
She suggested that charitable organizations find bridges between black donors and issues that will resonate with them:
Global health organizations, for example, could launch giving campaigns encouraging blacks to help fight AIDS in Africa,
while environmental groups could work toward getting black donors to take on toxic pollution that affects minority communities.
"Many diverse donors say they are not seeing organizations reach out to them," she said.
"I've heard fundraisers for environmental organizations assume that African Americans aren't interested.
But a lot of organizations are missing an opportunity by not reaching out to this group."
Charities can also make an effort to get involved with new websites that focus on the efforts of black philanthropists, she says.
These include Millions Give Back, a campaign that's part of the Women's Funding Network and open to women with at least $25,000 to give;
and Black Gives Back, a chronicle of black philanthropy with a special focus on younger donors.
Belk said African-Americans give now "because we have been the beneficiaries of giving and generosity."
Belk, who attended Northwestern University, received financial support from charitable donors and became the first generation in her family to go to college.
"One of the reasons that I give is that philanthropy has been so transformative in my own life," she said.
Others, such as Cheryl Pemberton of New York City, hope to set an example that blacks can follow.
Pemberton is featured on Bolder Giving, a website that shares stories of people pledging significant percentages of their assets to worthy causes.
With five sorority sisters, she started the Five Pearls Foundation to increase prenatal education and enhance youth and community development programs for underserved communities.
The philanthropic spirit, Pemberton said, is something she grew up with: "My mother was always teaching us about our history,
encouraging us to be proud of our heritage and taking action against injustice.
And my father was active in our neighborhood association and taking a stand on issues that affected the community."
Another mode of giving is modeled by Woodrow Myers, Jr., a man so motivated to give that he packed up a hospital and shipped it halfway across the world.
A director at the Stanford University Hospital and Clinics and managing director of his own healthcare management company, Myers first visited Mozambique in 1988.
Struck by the acute need for healthcare supplies there, he got his chance to do something big when the Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center in Los Angeles closed at the end of 2004.
Myers arranged to have the remains of that hospital shipped to Mozambique in three giant ocean containers.
Those big boxes held beds, TVs, operating-room equipment, sterile surgical packs and pictures of Robert F. Kennedy.
Myers' son and daughter formed the Myers Family Foundation in 2006.
"It allows them to work with me, and to bring the family together," Myers said, adding, to "get your family involved and do it in a sustained way over time,
that's so much better than just writing checks to whoever asks you for them, or dumping all your money in one place."
Belk agreed, and said she believed that the future of African-American giving also boils down to a diversity in charities.
As blacks continue to expand the causes they give to and establish more funds and foundations,
they'll no longer have to question their identity as philanthropists --
just the best ways to create commanding legacies of giving.
NEW YORK Thu Feb 23, 2012 2:56pm EST
(Reuters) - African American donors give away higher percentages of their incomes than white donors, according to a new study.
But they don't see themselves as big players in the charitable arena, and that presents an image problem, say experts like Judy Belk,
a senior vice president for Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
"African Americans have been very uncomfortable with the title of philanthropist," Belk said.
"If you don't see role models who look like you when people start talking about issues related to philanthropy, you start believing, 'Hey, maybe I'm not a philanthropist.'"
Belk said she got so weary of hearing this that she helped produce a 12-minute video released in November, dubbed,
"I Am A Philanthropist," which features diverse faces, races and ethnicities of donors and grant-makers.
Despite the challenges presented by that image problem, blacks do play a major, growing role in philanthropic circles.
Each year, black donors give away 25 percent more of their incomes than white donors,
according to a report released last month by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
Nearly two-thirds of black households make charitable donations, worth a total of about $11 billion a year, the report said.
The report cites black churches as a historically important repository of giving, but notes that other important causes are coming to the fore.
While religious giving was the largest charitable category overall, it leveled off in dollar terms in 2010,
according to Giving USA, a Chicago-area foundation that publishes philanthropy data and trends.
At the same time, contributions for the arts increased almost 6 percent, a trend that was consistent across all racial groups.
Identity-based giving is gaining momentum in the Latino, Asian American, Arab American, and Native American communities, according to the Kellogg report.
Black Americans have produced the steadiest growth of new identity-based charitable funds over the last four decades of any racial or ethnic group examined in the report.
While 12 black funds existed in 1970, more than six times that number exist today.
They award grants that range from $1,250 to $17 million, and they have a median annual grantmaking budget of
$35,000.
Belk said she is encouraged by the new findings, but added that much work needs to be done to connect blacks to resources that can help them strategize their philanthropic giving.
"It's confirmed what many of us who had our ear to the ground already knew," said Belk.
FINDING ISSUES THAT RESONATE
She suggested that charitable organizations find bridges between black donors and issues that will resonate with them:
Global health organizations, for example, could launch giving campaigns encouraging blacks to help fight AIDS in Africa,
while environmental groups could work toward getting black donors to take on toxic pollution that affects minority communities.
"Many diverse donors say they are not seeing organizations reach out to them," she said.
"I've heard fundraisers for environmental organizations assume that African Americans aren't interested.
But a lot of organizations are missing an opportunity by not reaching out to this group."
Charities can also make an effort to get involved with new websites that focus on the efforts of black philanthropists, she says.
These include Millions Give Back, a campaign that's part of the Women's Funding Network and open to women with at least $25,000 to give;
and Black Gives Back, a chronicle of black philanthropy with a special focus on younger donors.
Belk said African-Americans give now "because we have been the beneficiaries of giving and generosity."
Belk, who attended Northwestern University, received financial support from charitable donors and became the first generation in her family to go to college.
"One of the reasons that I give is that philanthropy has been so transformative in my own life," she said.
Others, such as Cheryl Pemberton of New York City, hope to set an example that blacks can follow.
Pemberton is featured on Bolder Giving, a website that shares stories of people pledging significant percentages of their assets to worthy causes.
With five sorority sisters, she started the Five Pearls Foundation to increase prenatal education and enhance youth and community development programs for underserved communities.
The philanthropic spirit, Pemberton said, is something she grew up with: "My mother was always teaching us about our history,
encouraging us to be proud of our heritage and taking action against injustice.
And my father was active in our neighborhood association and taking a stand on issues that affected the community."
Another mode of giving is modeled by Woodrow Myers, Jr., a man so motivated to give that he packed up a hospital and shipped it halfway across the world.
A director at the Stanford University Hospital and Clinics and managing director of his own healthcare management company, Myers first visited Mozambique in 1988.
Struck by the acute need for healthcare supplies there, he got his chance to do something big when the Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center in Los Angeles closed at the end of 2004.
Myers arranged to have the remains of that hospital shipped to Mozambique in three giant ocean containers.
Those big boxes held beds, TVs, operating-room equipment, sterile surgical packs and pictures of Robert F. Kennedy.
Myers' son and daughter formed the Myers Family Foundation in 2006.
"It allows them to work with me, and to bring the family together," Myers said, adding, to "get your family involved and do it in a sustained way over time,
that's so much better than just writing checks to whoever asks you for them, or dumping all your money in one place."
Belk agreed, and said she believed that the future of African-American giving also boils down to a diversity in charities.
As blacks continue to expand the causes they give to and establish more funds and foundations,
they'll no longer have to question their identity as philanthropists --
just the best ways to create commanding legacies of giving.
President (Barack Obama) Operation Hope Founder Asks “What If Bill Gates Were Black?” April 5th, 2012 - By Charlotte Young
John Hope Bryant, the founder of Operation HOPE, knows the importance of financial education.
His organization launched the 700 Credit Score initiative to help those in the black community who struggle with average credit scores
that make them vulnerable to predatory lending and payday loans.
The organization also helps to teach underserved youth the importance of financial literacy and entrepreneurship.
While Bryant’s work is certainly needed, perhaps his work would not be needed quite as much if there were, as he contemplated to Bloomberg, a black Bill Gates.
What Barack Obama and the black members of government provide in the political world is still lacking in the business world, according to Bryant.
The black community still needs a business image that equals its political image.
It needs to see inspiration of how blacks can succeed on a global economic scheme.
The article asserts that if Bill Gates were a black man, it would have a greater impact on African Americans than even Barack Obama.
While African Americans have fought for civil rights and the right to vote, they still value and understand the global power of money.
If there were a black economic player like Bill Gates, there is a greater possibility
that the effects of that would extend into Silicon Valley and other areas of entrepreneurship hubs in the nation.
In addition, there may be a changed value system and “culture of philanthropy”
that would carry past the idea of church that would help to build up black communities.
While some may look to Oprah Winfrey as that black role model, she’s doesn’t quite match Bill Gates’ level of influence.
A black entrepreneur on his level would be able to create thousands of jobs, would have a product that is used in each of our daily lives,
and would inspire young people to excel.
Young people would connect this image as an inspiration to be smart and to do even do better in school.
A black Bill Gates would be the inspiration needed to help African Americans move forward.
MR. President Barack Obama this is no accident (I) posted this article if you read extra close,
my "Initiative" to get you to actually excel with a New 2014 Reparations Acts would indeed give you a
"Level of Influence" that would indeed improve the (Negro) African American on a Global Scale in the business world,
Make you "Mr. President Barack Obama The First Negro African American President Legacy of
A New 2014 "black entrepreneur" whom would be able to create (Not) Just thousands of jobs, But Millions of Jobs (Global)
with a simple start up Capitol of 2.8 Billion U.S. Dollars to feed 313.9 Million (Americans)
*See
While going about his ministry, Jesus Christ received some terrible news.
John the Baptist, his friend, kinsman, and the prophet who proclaimed him as the Messiah, had been beheaded by Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee and Perea.
Jesus' 12 disciples had just returned from a missionary journey he had sent them on.
After they told him all they had done and taught, he took them with him in a boat on the Sea of Galilee to a remote place, for rest and prayer
Great crowds of people in the area heard that Jesus was near. They ran to see him, bringing their sick friends and relatives.
When the boat landed, Jesus saw all the men, women and children and had compassion on them.
He taught them about the Kingdom of God and healed those who were sick.
Looking at the crowd, which numbered about 5,000 men, not counting women and children, Jesus asked his disciple Philip,
"Where shall we buy bread for these people to eat?" (John 6:5, NIV) Jesus knew what he was going to do, but he asked Philip to test him.
Philip replied that even eight months' wages would not be enough to give each person even one bite of bread.
Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, had more faith in Jesus. He brought forward a young boy who had five small loaves of barley bread and two small fish.
Even so, Andrew wondered how that could help.
Jesus ordered the crowd to sit down in groups of fifty. He took the five loaves, looked up to heaven, gave thanks to God his Father,
and passed them to his disciples to be distributed. He did the same with the two fish.
Everyone—men, women and children—ate as much as they wanted! Jesus miraculously multiplied the loaves and fishes so there was more than enough.
Then he told his disciples to gather the leftovers so nothing was wasted. They collected enough to fill 12 baskets.
The crowd was so overwhelmed by this miracle that they understood Jesus was the prophet who had been promised.
Knowing they would want to force him to become their king, Jesus fled from them.
His organization launched the 700 Credit Score initiative to help those in the black community who struggle with average credit scores
that make them vulnerable to predatory lending and payday loans.
The organization also helps to teach underserved youth the importance of financial literacy and entrepreneurship.
While Bryant’s work is certainly needed, perhaps his work would not be needed quite as much if there were, as he contemplated to Bloomberg, a black Bill Gates.
What Barack Obama and the black members of government provide in the political world is still lacking in the business world, according to Bryant.
The black community still needs a business image that equals its political image.
It needs to see inspiration of how blacks can succeed on a global economic scheme.
The article asserts that if Bill Gates were a black man, it would have a greater impact on African Americans than even Barack Obama.
While African Americans have fought for civil rights and the right to vote, they still value and understand the global power of money.
If there were a black economic player like Bill Gates, there is a greater possibility
that the effects of that would extend into Silicon Valley and other areas of entrepreneurship hubs in the nation.
In addition, there may be a changed value system and “culture of philanthropy”
that would carry past the idea of church that would help to build up black communities.
While some may look to Oprah Winfrey as that black role model, she’s doesn’t quite match Bill Gates’ level of influence.
A black entrepreneur on his level would be able to create thousands of jobs, would have a product that is used in each of our daily lives,
and would inspire young people to excel.
Young people would connect this image as an inspiration to be smart and to do even do better in school.
A black Bill Gates would be the inspiration needed to help African Americans move forward.
MR. President Barack Obama this is no accident (I) posted this article if you read extra close,
my "Initiative" to get you to actually excel with a New 2014 Reparations Acts would indeed give you a
"Level of Influence" that would indeed improve the (Negro) African American on a Global Scale in the business world,
Make you "Mr. President Barack Obama The First Negro African American President Legacy of
A New 2014 "black entrepreneur" whom would be able to create (Not) Just thousands of jobs, But Millions of Jobs (Global)
with a simple start up Capitol of 2.8 Billion U.S. Dollars to feed 313.9 Million (Americans)
*See
While going about his ministry, Jesus Christ received some terrible news.
John the Baptist, his friend, kinsman, and the prophet who proclaimed him as the Messiah, had been beheaded by Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee and Perea.
Jesus' 12 disciples had just returned from a missionary journey he had sent them on.
After they told him all they had done and taught, he took them with him in a boat on the Sea of Galilee to a remote place, for rest and prayer
Great crowds of people in the area heard that Jesus was near. They ran to see him, bringing their sick friends and relatives.
When the boat landed, Jesus saw all the men, women and children and had compassion on them.
He taught them about the Kingdom of God and healed those who were sick.
Looking at the crowd, which numbered about 5,000 men, not counting women and children, Jesus asked his disciple Philip,
"Where shall we buy bread for these people to eat?" (John 6:5, NIV) Jesus knew what he was going to do, but he asked Philip to test him.
Philip replied that even eight months' wages would not be enough to give each person even one bite of bread.
Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, had more faith in Jesus. He brought forward a young boy who had five small loaves of barley bread and two small fish.
Even so, Andrew wondered how that could help.
Jesus ordered the crowd to sit down in groups of fifty. He took the five loaves, looked up to heaven, gave thanks to God his Father,
and passed them to his disciples to be distributed. He did the same with the two fish.
Everyone—men, women and children—ate as much as they wanted! Jesus miraculously multiplied the loaves and fishes so there was more than enough.
Then he told his disciples to gather the leftovers so nothing was wasted. They collected enough to fill 12 baskets.
The crowd was so overwhelmed by this miracle that they understood Jesus was the prophet who had been promised.
Knowing they would want to force him to become their king, Jesus fled from them.
Freedmen's Bureau, Securities wrongfully remove from "Power" to overthrow The First Reconstruction Era
Mr. President Barack Obama for your almost finished complete package understand of the need to act now in 2014
For a New Real Reparation Acts on behalf of The (Negro) African Americans within the United States of America
Is for you to (Really) understanding the down fall of the "Freeman's Bureau"
And from there (I) will give you the New Plans for Reparations and Reconstruction formula of The New World"
Namely The United States of America in 2014
While you are thinking on this Issue Mr. President Barack Obama Keep lock deep in your deep dark attic over burden perpetuate skilled Mind
"Like a Test of Faith" "You" Mr. President Barack Obama already took on Everyone..!
And "Personalized with great success....xoxoxooxox!
Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau,
was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States,
though by 1870 it had been considerably weakened.
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau in March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln
and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.
The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction,
Assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard,
The Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.
The Bureau encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged African Americans to gain employment,
Kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, and pushed both whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and as slaves.
Throughout the first year, it became clear that these tasks were more difficult than had been previously believed.
In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau, which President Andrew Johnson vetoed because he thought it was unconstitutional.
Its powers were expanded to help find lost family for African Americans and teach them to read and write so they could better do so themselves.
Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues.
By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff.
Day-to-day duties
The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves, such as clothing, food, water, health care, communication with family members, and jobs.
It distributed 15 million rations of food to African Americans and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed.
Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service, only $35,000 (10%) was borrowed.
Despite the good intentions, efforts, and limited success of the Bureau, medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient.
Jim Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (NY: Oxford U.P., 2012)
Gender roles
Freedman's Bureau agents, at first, complained that freed women were refusing to contract their labor.
They attempted to make freed women work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family to work in the cotton industry,
and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were.
The Bureau did allow some exceptions such as married women with employed husbands and some "worthy" women who had been widowed
or abandoned and had large families of small children and thus could not work. "Unworthy" women, meaning the unruly and prostitutes, were the ones usually subjected to punishment for vagrancy.
Under slavery, some marriages were informal, though there are many documented accounts of slave owners presiding over marriage ceremonies for their slaves.
Others were separated during wartime chaos. The Bureau agents helped many families in their attempts to reunite after the war.
The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers.
It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce
Education
The most widely recognized among the achievements of the Freedman’s Bureau are its accomplishments in the field of education.
Prior to the Civil War, no southern state had a system of universal, state-supported public education.
Former slaves wanted such a system while the wealthier whites opposed the idea.
Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write and worked hard to establish schools in their communities prior to the advent of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Oliver Otis Howard was the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner.
Through his leadership the bureau was divided into four divisions: Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical Affairs.
Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over confiscated property, government buildings, books,
and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen and provided transportation and room and board for teachers.
The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedman's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia, 1866.
By 1866, missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves.
The American Missionary Association was particularly active, establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen.
The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation of individual schools.
After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to use in the freedmen's schools.
The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use.
George Ruby, an African American, served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local conditions,
Aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters and other whites opposed him.
Overall, the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in public schools.
Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent.
Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in 1868.
The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, meaning that everyone had the ability to work hard
and pull themselves up by their bootstraps and do better in life.
These readers had some traditional literacy lessons and others on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln,
excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness and industry;
and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving your enemies, and avoiding bitterness.
By 1870, there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South.
J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled with learning,"
And are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves, children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn.
After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks.
After the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of southern governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education.
In the 1890s they passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded.
By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required,
Were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections, and were ready for the South to take care of itself.
All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal, publicly funded education.
Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.
Teachers
Until recently historians had believed that most Bureau teachers were well-educated women motivated by religion and abolitionism.
New research finds that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third were blacks, and one-sixth were northern whites.
Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered women.
The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation.
As a group, only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality; they were the ones most likely to remain teachers.
The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.
Colleges
The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies
from an elementary education for all African Americans to a high school and college education for African-American leaders.
Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South.
These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery.
Generally, they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct family life.
Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans.
Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington began the call for institutions of higher learning
So black students could leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement".
Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home.
At the majority of these schools, students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week,
maintain an orderly living space, and present a particular appearance. At many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime.
Educational legacy
Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman's Bureau, its legacy still lives on through historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs).
Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872,
an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established,
many of which remain in operation today (for example, St. Augustine's College, Fisk University, Johnson C. Smith University, Clark Atlanta University,
Dillard University, Shaw University, Virginia Union University, and Tougaloo College).
As of 2009, there exist approximately 105 United Negro College Fund HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization and orientation.
Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as "an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans".
HBCUs graduate over 50% of African-American professionals, 50% of African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American dentists.
In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees.
One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences, and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics were earned at HBCUs.
Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University, founded in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, General Oliver Otis Howard
Church establishment
After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue. The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war.
In some cities, Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings. Numerous northern denominations,
Including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion, sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen.
By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen.
Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations.
Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff, Charleston, Petersburg, and Richmond.
In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services with whites. Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight.
After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from multi-racial congregations in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision.
Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers' salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture.
For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen's education and worship.
Continuing insurgency
Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts,
tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional.
In Alabama, state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds.
If a judge refused, martial law could be instituted in his district. All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor urged compliance.
Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana's Caddo-Bossier district. It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation. Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops,
well-meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners.
Murders of freedmen were common, and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted.
Bureau agents did manage to negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and provide the freedmen a sense of their own humanity through the agents' willingness to help.
In March 1872, at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior, Columbus Delano,
General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west.
Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress, effective as of June (Howard, 1907).
In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge,
Stating "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau
and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence."
All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress
State reports in May 1866
The following was summary on a state by state basis from the Freedmen's Bureau report from May 8, 1866
and filed by Generals Steedman and Fullerton, the Commissioners appointed by the President to investigate the operations of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Southern States.
Virginia
The Freedmen's bureau had, 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid average monthly wages $78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average monthly wages 87.00;
and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and guards.
The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter, explaining:
"A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured.
The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited.
As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them,
owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war.
The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their present condition,
and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.
North Carolina
In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $100 per month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $11.25; 18 civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc.,
at an average pay per month of $17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per month of $11.90; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc.,
by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving.
Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey,
who interrogated on this matter had stated that he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities.
Also, the arbitrary powers of the bureau,making arrests, imposing fines, and inflicting punishments, disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations,
caused resentment toward the federal government in general. These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave.
The recommendation of Steedman and Fullerton echoed the conclusion they had in Virginia which was to withdraw the bureau and turn day to day responsibility over to the military.
South Carolina
In South Carolina, the bureau employed, nine clerks, at average pay each per month $108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $75.00, one clerk, at monthly pay of $50.00,
one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay of $125.00, one superintendent of education, at monthly pay of $150.00,
one printer, at monthly pay of $100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly pay of $100.00, twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $19.20.
The bureau management had a systemic problem that was bad at the leadership position.
General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina and had performed his with numerous mistakes and blunders that made matters bad for those the bureau were trying to help.
Saxton was described as being pernicious. He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer.
It appeared that he took great pains to turn thing around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors.
There had reports of murder of freedmen from a band of outlaws. These outlaws were though to be from other states such as Texas, Kentucky and Tennessee who were apart of the rebel army.
When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested, many answered that the bureau with the support of the military had the primary authority.
In certain areas, such as the sea islands, many freedmen were in a state of destitution. Many had tried to cultivate the land and begin businesses with little to no success.
Georgia
There was no report to make as it had been reported in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina because the bureau did not operate in the same manner as it had in the before mentioned states.
Major General David Tilson was the commissioner for the Georgia bureau office.
He had abolished all local and state authorities and established a moched mini United States. In doing so, it created confusion and disorder.
In some area such as the Islands off the coast of Georgia, had been a majority population of freedmen in which great disorganization characterized life on the islands.
But order was restored by mid-1865 with the freedmen receiving great economic gains.
Florida
On the whole, the bureau was working effectively for all. Col. T. W. Osborne, the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida had nothing but praise in descriptions from white and blacks alike.
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the "Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Act,"
which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index the records.
In addition to the those of the Bureau headquarters, assistant commissioners, and superintendents of education,
The National Archives now has records of the field offices, marriage records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm.
These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau, political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the genealogies of freedpeople.
For a New Real Reparation Acts on behalf of The (Negro) African Americans within the United States of America
Is for you to (Really) understanding the down fall of the "Freeman's Bureau"
And from there (I) will give you the New Plans for Reparations and Reconstruction formula of The New World"
Namely The United States of America in 2014
While you are thinking on this Issue Mr. President Barack Obama Keep lock deep in your deep dark attic over burden perpetuate skilled Mind
"Like a Test of Faith" "You" Mr. President Barack Obama already took on Everyone..!
And "Personalized with great success....xoxoxooxox!
Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau,
was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States,
though by 1870 it had been considerably weakened.
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau in March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln
and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.
The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction,
Assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard,
The Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.
The Bureau encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged African Americans to gain employment,
Kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, and pushed both whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and as slaves.
Throughout the first year, it became clear that these tasks were more difficult than had been previously believed.
In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau, which President Andrew Johnson vetoed because he thought it was unconstitutional.
Its powers were expanded to help find lost family for African Americans and teach them to read and write so they could better do so themselves.
Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues.
By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff.
Day-to-day duties
The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves, such as clothing, food, water, health care, communication with family members, and jobs.
It distributed 15 million rations of food to African Americans and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed.
Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service, only $35,000 (10%) was borrowed.
Despite the good intentions, efforts, and limited success of the Bureau, medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient.
Jim Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (NY: Oxford U.P., 2012)
Gender roles
Freedman's Bureau agents, at first, complained that freed women were refusing to contract their labor.
They attempted to make freed women work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family to work in the cotton industry,
and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were.
The Bureau did allow some exceptions such as married women with employed husbands and some "worthy" women who had been widowed
or abandoned and had large families of small children and thus could not work. "Unworthy" women, meaning the unruly and prostitutes, were the ones usually subjected to punishment for vagrancy.
Under slavery, some marriages were informal, though there are many documented accounts of slave owners presiding over marriage ceremonies for their slaves.
Others were separated during wartime chaos. The Bureau agents helped many families in their attempts to reunite after the war.
The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers.
It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce
Education
The most widely recognized among the achievements of the Freedman’s Bureau are its accomplishments in the field of education.
Prior to the Civil War, no southern state had a system of universal, state-supported public education.
Former slaves wanted such a system while the wealthier whites opposed the idea.
Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write and worked hard to establish schools in their communities prior to the advent of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Oliver Otis Howard was the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner.
Through his leadership the bureau was divided into four divisions: Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical Affairs.
Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over confiscated property, government buildings, books,
and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen and provided transportation and room and board for teachers.
The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedman's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia, 1866.
By 1866, missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves.
The American Missionary Association was particularly active, establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen.
The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation of individual schools.
After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to use in the freedmen's schools.
The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use.
George Ruby, an African American, served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local conditions,
Aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters and other whites opposed him.
Overall, the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in public schools.
Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent.
Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in 1868.
The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, meaning that everyone had the ability to work hard
and pull themselves up by their bootstraps and do better in life.
These readers had some traditional literacy lessons and others on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln,
excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness and industry;
and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving your enemies, and avoiding bitterness.
By 1870, there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South.
J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled with learning,"
And are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves, children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn.
After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks.
After the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of southern governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education.
In the 1890s they passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded.
By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required,
Were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections, and were ready for the South to take care of itself.
All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal, publicly funded education.
Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.
Teachers
Until recently historians had believed that most Bureau teachers were well-educated women motivated by religion and abolitionism.
New research finds that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third were blacks, and one-sixth were northern whites.
Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered women.
The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation.
As a group, only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality; they were the ones most likely to remain teachers.
The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.
Colleges
The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies
from an elementary education for all African Americans to a high school and college education for African-American leaders.
Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South.
These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery.
Generally, they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct family life.
Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans.
Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington began the call for institutions of higher learning
So black students could leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement".
Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home.
At the majority of these schools, students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week,
maintain an orderly living space, and present a particular appearance. At many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime.
Educational legacy
Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman's Bureau, its legacy still lives on through historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs).
Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872,
an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established,
many of which remain in operation today (for example, St. Augustine's College, Fisk University, Johnson C. Smith University, Clark Atlanta University,
Dillard University, Shaw University, Virginia Union University, and Tougaloo College).
As of 2009, there exist approximately 105 United Negro College Fund HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization and orientation.
Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as "an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans".
HBCUs graduate over 50% of African-American professionals, 50% of African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American dentists.
In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees.
One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences, and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics were earned at HBCUs.
Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University, founded in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, General Oliver Otis Howard
Church establishment
After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue. The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war.
In some cities, Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings. Numerous northern denominations,
Including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion, sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen.
By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen.
Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations.
Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff, Charleston, Petersburg, and Richmond.
In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services with whites. Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight.
After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from multi-racial congregations in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision.
Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers' salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture.
For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen's education and worship.
Continuing insurgency
Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts,
tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional.
In Alabama, state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds.
If a judge refused, martial law could be instituted in his district. All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor urged compliance.
Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana's Caddo-Bossier district. It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation. Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops,
well-meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners.
Murders of freedmen were common, and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted.
Bureau agents did manage to negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and provide the freedmen a sense of their own humanity through the agents' willingness to help.
In March 1872, at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior, Columbus Delano,
General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west.
Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress, effective as of June (Howard, 1907).
In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge,
Stating "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau
and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence."
All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress
State reports in May 1866
The following was summary on a state by state basis from the Freedmen's Bureau report from May 8, 1866
and filed by Generals Steedman and Fullerton, the Commissioners appointed by the President to investigate the operations of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Southern States.
Virginia
The Freedmen's bureau had, 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid average monthly wages $78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average monthly wages 87.00;
and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and guards.
The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter, explaining:
"A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured.
The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited.
As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them,
owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war.
The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their present condition,
and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.
North Carolina
In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $100 per month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $11.25; 18 civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc.,
at an average pay per month of $17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per month of $11.90; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc.,
by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving.
Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey,
who interrogated on this matter had stated that he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities.
Also, the arbitrary powers of the bureau,making arrests, imposing fines, and inflicting punishments, disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations,
caused resentment toward the federal government in general. These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave.
The recommendation of Steedman and Fullerton echoed the conclusion they had in Virginia which was to withdraw the bureau and turn day to day responsibility over to the military.
South Carolina
In South Carolina, the bureau employed, nine clerks, at average pay each per month $108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $75.00, one clerk, at monthly pay of $50.00,
one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay of $125.00, one superintendent of education, at monthly pay of $150.00,
one printer, at monthly pay of $100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly pay of $100.00, twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $19.20.
The bureau management had a systemic problem that was bad at the leadership position.
General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina and had performed his with numerous mistakes and blunders that made matters bad for those the bureau were trying to help.
Saxton was described as being pernicious. He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer.
It appeared that he took great pains to turn thing around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors.
There had reports of murder of freedmen from a band of outlaws. These outlaws were though to be from other states such as Texas, Kentucky and Tennessee who were apart of the rebel army.
When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested, many answered that the bureau with the support of the military had the primary authority.
In certain areas, such as the sea islands, many freedmen were in a state of destitution. Many had tried to cultivate the land and begin businesses with little to no success.
Georgia
There was no report to make as it had been reported in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina because the bureau did not operate in the same manner as it had in the before mentioned states.
Major General David Tilson was the commissioner for the Georgia bureau office.
He had abolished all local and state authorities and established a moched mini United States. In doing so, it created confusion and disorder.
In some area such as the Islands off the coast of Georgia, had been a majority population of freedmen in which great disorganization characterized life on the islands.
But order was restored by mid-1865 with the freedmen receiving great economic gains.
Florida
On the whole, the bureau was working effectively for all. Col. T. W. Osborne, the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida had nothing but praise in descriptions from white and blacks alike.
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the "Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Act,"
which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index the records.
In addition to the those of the Bureau headquarters, assistant commissioners, and superintendents of education,
The National Archives now has records of the field offices, marriage records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm.
These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau, political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the genealogies of freedpeople.
Monday, January 27, 2014
Key To (USA) 2014 Reparation Act "Mr. President Barack Obama" (Active) in The Grave Dormant with "Thaddeus Stevens" ..xoxo!
Presidential Reconstruction
Before leaving town after Congress adjourned in March 1865,
Stevens privately urged Lincoln to press the South hard militarily, though the war was ending.
Lincoln replied, "Stevens, this is a pretty big hog we are trying to catch and to hold when we catch him.
We must take care that he does not slip away from us."
Never to see Lincoln again,
Stevens left with "a homely metaphor but no real certainty of having left as much as a thumbprint on Lincoln's policy".
On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
Stevens did not attend the ceremonies when Lincoln's funeral train stopped in Lancaster; he was said to be ill.
Trefousse speculated he may avoided the rites for other reasons. According to Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg,
Stevens stood at a railroad bridge and lifted his hat.
In May 1865, Andrew Johnson began what came to be known as "Presidential Reconstruction":
recognizing a provisional government of Virginia led by Francis Harrison Pierpont,
calling for other former rebel states to organize constitutional conventions, declaring amnesty for many southerners,
and issuing individual pardons to even more. Johnson did not push the states to protect the rights of freed slaves,
and immediately began to counteract the land reform policies of the Freedmen's Bureau.
These actions outraged Stevens and others who took his view.
The radicals saw that freedmen in the South risked losing the economic and political liberty necessary to sustain emancipation from slavery.
They began to call for universal male suffrage and continued their demands for land reform.
Stevens wrote to Johnson that his policies were gravely damaging the country and that he should call a special session of Congress,
which was not scheduled to meet until December. When his communications were ignored,
Stevens began to discuss with other radicals how to prevail over Johnson when the two houses convened.
Congress has the constitutional power to be the judge of whether those seeking to be its members are properly elected;
Stevens urged that no senators or representatives from the South be seated.
He argued that the states should not be readmitted as thereafter Congress would lack the power to force race reform.
In September, Stevens gave a widely reprinted speech in Lancaster in which he set forth what he wanted for the South.
He proposed that the government confiscate the estates of the largest 70,000 landholders there, those who owned more than 200 acres (81 ha).
Much of this property he wanted distributed in plots of 40 acres (16 ha) to the freedmen; other lands would go to reward loyalists in both North and South,
or to meet government obligations. He warned that under the President's plan,
the southern states would send rebels to Congress who would join with northern Democrats and Johnson to govern the nation and perhaps undo emancipation.
Through late 1865, the southern states held white-only balloting and in congressional elections,
chose many former rebels, most prominently Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens,
voted as senator by the Georgia Legislature.
Violence against African-Americans was common and unpunished in the South; the new legislatures enacted Black Codes,
depriving the freedmen of most civil rights.
These actions, seen as provocative in the North, both privately dismayed Johnson and helped turn northern public opinion against him.
By this time, Stevens was in his seventies and in poor health; he was carried everywhere in a special chair.
When Congress convened in early December 1865, Stevens made arrangements with the Clerk of the House that when the roll was called,
the names of the southern electees be omitted.
The Senate also excluded southern claimants. A new congressman, Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes, described Stevens,
"He is radical throughout, except, I am told, he don't believe in hanging. He is leader."
As the responsibilities of the Ways and Means chairman had been divided, Stevens took the post of chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations,
retaining control over the House's agenda.
Stevens focused on legislation that would secure the freedom promised by the newly ratified Thirteenth Amendment.
He proposed and then co-chaired the Joint Committee on Reconstruction with Maine Senator William Pitt Fessenden.
This body, also called the Committee of Fifteen, investigated conditions in the South.
It heard not only of the violence against African-Americans, but against Union loyalists, and against what southerners termed "carpetbaggers",
northerners who had journeyed south after the restoration of peace. Stevens declared: that "our loyal brethren at the South,
whether they be black or white" required urgent protection "from the barbarians who are now daily murdering them."
The Committee of Fifteen began consideration of what would become the Fourteenth Amendment.
Stevens had begun drafting versions in December 1865, before the Committee had even formed.
In January 1866, a subcommittee including Stevens and John Bingham proposed two amendments:
one giving Congress the unqualified power to secure equal rights, privileges, and protections for all citizens;
the other explicitly annulling all racially discriminatory laws.
Stevens believed that the Declaration of Independence and Organic Acts already bound the federal government to these principles,
but that an amendment was necessary to allow enforcement against discrimination at the State level.
The resolution providing for what would become the Fourteenth Amendment was watered down in Congress; during the closing debate,
Stevens said these changes had shattered his lifelong dream in equality for all Americans.
Nevertheless, stating that he lived among men, not angels, he supported the passage of the compromise amendment.
Still, Stevens told the House: "Forty acres of land and a hut would be more valuable to [the African-American] than the immediate right to vote."
When Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull introduced legislation to reauthorize and expand the Freedmen's Bureau,
Stevens called the Bill a "robbery" because it did not include sufficient provisions for land reform
or protect the property of refugees given them by the military occupation of the South.
Johnson vetoed the Bill anyway, calling the Freedmen's Bureau unconstitutional, and decrying its cost—
Congress had never purchased land, established schools, or provided financial help for "our own people".
Congress was unable to override Johnson's veto in February, but five months later passed a similar bill.
Stevens criticized the passage of the Southern Homestead Act of 1866 arguing that the low-quality land it made available would not drive real economic growth for black families.
Congress overrode a Johnson veto to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (also introduced by Trumbull),
granting African-Americans citizenship and equality before the law, and forbidding any action by a state to the contrary.
Johnson made the gap between him and Congress wider when he accused Stevens, Sumner, and Wendell Phillips of trying to destroy the government.
After Congress adjourned in July, the campaigning for the fall elections began.
Johnson embarked on a trip by rail, dubbed the "Swing Around the Circle", that won him few supporters;
his arguments with hecklers were deemed undignified. He attacked Stevens and other radicals during this tour.
Stevens campaigned for firm measures against the South, his hand strengthened by violence in Memphis and New Orleans,
where African-Americans and white Unionists had been attacked by mobs, including the police. Stevens was returned to Congress by his constituents;
Republicans would have a two-thirds majority in both houses in the next Congress
Radical Reconstruction
In January 1867, Stevens introduced legislation to divide the South into five district
each commanded by an army general empowered to override civil authorities.
These military officers were to supervise elections with all males,
of whatever race, entitled to vote,
except for those who could not take an oath of past loyalty—most white southerners could not.
The states were to write new constitutions (subject to approval by Congress) and hold elections for state officials.
Only if a state ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would its delegation be seated in Congress.
The system gave power to a Republican coalitions of freedmen (mobilized by the Union League), carpetbaggers and co-operative southerners
(the last dubbed scalawags by indignant ex-rebels) in most southern states.
These states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which became part of the Constitution in mid-1868.
Stevens introduced a Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnson from firing officials who had received Senate confirmation without getting that body's consent.
The Tenure of Office Act was ambiguous, since it could be read to protect officeholders only during the tenure of the president who appointed them,
and most of the officials the radicals sought to protect had been named by Lincoln. Chief among these was Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a radical himself.
Stevens steered a bill to enfranchise African-Americans in the District of Columbia
through the House; the Senate passed it in 1867,
and it was enacted over Johnson's veto. Congress was downsizing the Army for peacetime; Stevens offered an amendment,
which became part of the bill as enacted, to have two regiments of African-American cavalry.
His solicitude for African-Americans extended to the Native American;
Stevens was successful in defeating a bill to place reservations under state law, noting that the native people had often been abused by the states.
An expansionist, he supported the railroads.
Although he sought to protect manufacturers with high tariffs,
he also sought unsuccessfully to get a bill passed to protect labor with an eight-hour day in the District of Columbia.
Stevens advocated a bill to give government workers raises; it did not pass.
Before leaving town after Congress adjourned in March 1865,
Stevens privately urged Lincoln to press the South hard militarily, though the war was ending.
Lincoln replied, "Stevens, this is a pretty big hog we are trying to catch and to hold when we catch him.
We must take care that he does not slip away from us."
Never to see Lincoln again,
Stevens left with "a homely metaphor but no real certainty of having left as much as a thumbprint on Lincoln's policy".
On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
Stevens did not attend the ceremonies when Lincoln's funeral train stopped in Lancaster; he was said to be ill.
Trefousse speculated he may avoided the rites for other reasons. According to Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg,
Stevens stood at a railroad bridge and lifted his hat.
In May 1865, Andrew Johnson began what came to be known as "Presidential Reconstruction":
recognizing a provisional government of Virginia led by Francis Harrison Pierpont,
calling for other former rebel states to organize constitutional conventions, declaring amnesty for many southerners,
and issuing individual pardons to even more. Johnson did not push the states to protect the rights of freed slaves,
and immediately began to counteract the land reform policies of the Freedmen's Bureau.
These actions outraged Stevens and others who took his view.
The radicals saw that freedmen in the South risked losing the economic and political liberty necessary to sustain emancipation from slavery.
They began to call for universal male suffrage and continued their demands for land reform.
Stevens wrote to Johnson that his policies were gravely damaging the country and that he should call a special session of Congress,
which was not scheduled to meet until December. When his communications were ignored,
Stevens began to discuss with other radicals how to prevail over Johnson when the two houses convened.
Congress has the constitutional power to be the judge of whether those seeking to be its members are properly elected;
Stevens urged that no senators or representatives from the South be seated.
He argued that the states should not be readmitted as thereafter Congress would lack the power to force race reform.
In September, Stevens gave a widely reprinted speech in Lancaster in which he set forth what he wanted for the South.
He proposed that the government confiscate the estates of the largest 70,000 landholders there, those who owned more than 200 acres (81 ha).
Much of this property he wanted distributed in plots of 40 acres (16 ha) to the freedmen; other lands would go to reward loyalists in both North and South,
or to meet government obligations. He warned that under the President's plan,
the southern states would send rebels to Congress who would join with northern Democrats and Johnson to govern the nation and perhaps undo emancipation.
Through late 1865, the southern states held white-only balloting and in congressional elections,
chose many former rebels, most prominently Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens,
voted as senator by the Georgia Legislature.
Violence against African-Americans was common and unpunished in the South; the new legislatures enacted Black Codes,
depriving the freedmen of most civil rights.
These actions, seen as provocative in the North, both privately dismayed Johnson and helped turn northern public opinion against him.
By this time, Stevens was in his seventies and in poor health; he was carried everywhere in a special chair.
When Congress convened in early December 1865, Stevens made arrangements with the Clerk of the House that when the roll was called,
the names of the southern electees be omitted.
The Senate also excluded southern claimants. A new congressman, Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes, described Stevens,
"He is radical throughout, except, I am told, he don't believe in hanging. He is leader."
As the responsibilities of the Ways and Means chairman had been divided, Stevens took the post of chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations,
retaining control over the House's agenda.
Stevens focused on legislation that would secure the freedom promised by the newly ratified Thirteenth Amendment.
He proposed and then co-chaired the Joint Committee on Reconstruction with Maine Senator William Pitt Fessenden.
This body, also called the Committee of Fifteen, investigated conditions in the South.
It heard not only of the violence against African-Americans, but against Union loyalists, and against what southerners termed "carpetbaggers",
northerners who had journeyed south after the restoration of peace. Stevens declared: that "our loyal brethren at the South,
whether they be black or white" required urgent protection "from the barbarians who are now daily murdering them."
The Committee of Fifteen began consideration of what would become the Fourteenth Amendment.
Stevens had begun drafting versions in December 1865, before the Committee had even formed.
In January 1866, a subcommittee including Stevens and John Bingham proposed two amendments:
one giving Congress the unqualified power to secure equal rights, privileges, and protections for all citizens;
the other explicitly annulling all racially discriminatory laws.
Stevens believed that the Declaration of Independence and Organic Acts already bound the federal government to these principles,
but that an amendment was necessary to allow enforcement against discrimination at the State level.
The resolution providing for what would become the Fourteenth Amendment was watered down in Congress; during the closing debate,
Stevens said these changes had shattered his lifelong dream in equality for all Americans.
Nevertheless, stating that he lived among men, not angels, he supported the passage of the compromise amendment.
Still, Stevens told the House: "Forty acres of land and a hut would be more valuable to [the African-American] than the immediate right to vote."
When Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull introduced legislation to reauthorize and expand the Freedmen's Bureau,
Stevens called the Bill a "robbery" because it did not include sufficient provisions for land reform
or protect the property of refugees given them by the military occupation of the South.
Johnson vetoed the Bill anyway, calling the Freedmen's Bureau unconstitutional, and decrying its cost—
Congress had never purchased land, established schools, or provided financial help for "our own people".
Congress was unable to override Johnson's veto in February, but five months later passed a similar bill.
Stevens criticized the passage of the Southern Homestead Act of 1866 arguing that the low-quality land it made available would not drive real economic growth for black families.
Congress overrode a Johnson veto to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (also introduced by Trumbull),
granting African-Americans citizenship and equality before the law, and forbidding any action by a state to the contrary.
Johnson made the gap between him and Congress wider when he accused Stevens, Sumner, and Wendell Phillips of trying to destroy the government.
After Congress adjourned in July, the campaigning for the fall elections began.
Johnson embarked on a trip by rail, dubbed the "Swing Around the Circle", that won him few supporters;
his arguments with hecklers were deemed undignified. He attacked Stevens and other radicals during this tour.
Stevens campaigned for firm measures against the South, his hand strengthened by violence in Memphis and New Orleans,
where African-Americans and white Unionists had been attacked by mobs, including the police. Stevens was returned to Congress by his constituents;
Republicans would have a two-thirds majority in both houses in the next Congress
Radical Reconstruction
In January 1867, Stevens introduced legislation to divide the South into five district
each commanded by an army general empowered to override civil authorities.
These military officers were to supervise elections with all males,
of whatever race, entitled to vote,
except for those who could not take an oath of past loyalty—most white southerners could not.
The states were to write new constitutions (subject to approval by Congress) and hold elections for state officials.
Only if a state ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would its delegation be seated in Congress.
The system gave power to a Republican coalitions of freedmen (mobilized by the Union League), carpetbaggers and co-operative southerners
(the last dubbed scalawags by indignant ex-rebels) in most southern states.
These states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which became part of the Constitution in mid-1868.
Stevens introduced a Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnson from firing officials who had received Senate confirmation without getting that body's consent.
The Tenure of Office Act was ambiguous, since it could be read to protect officeholders only during the tenure of the president who appointed them,
and most of the officials the radicals sought to protect had been named by Lincoln. Chief among these was Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a radical himself.
Stevens steered a bill to enfranchise African-Americans in the District of Columbia
through the House; the Senate passed it in 1867,
and it was enacted over Johnson's veto. Congress was downsizing the Army for peacetime; Stevens offered an amendment,
which became part of the bill as enacted, to have two regiments of African-American cavalry.
His solicitude for African-Americans extended to the Native American;
Stevens was successful in defeating a bill to place reservations under state law, noting that the native people had often been abused by the states.
An expansionist, he supported the railroads.
Although he sought to protect manufacturers with high tariffs,
he also sought unsuccessfully to get a bill passed to protect labor with an eight-hour day in the District of Columbia.
Stevens advocated a bill to give government workers raises; it did not pass.
Key To (USA) 2014 Reparation Act "Mr. President Barack Obama" (Active) in The Grave Dormant with "Thaddeus Stevens" ..xoxo!
Mr. President Barack Obama,
as (I) study every inch of "Slavery 1619-
through out its continual effect herein as of this very undersigned date,
my quest was led to the most important characteristic of all
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868)
A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans,
Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, in opposition to
President Andrew Johnson.
And The Answer is correct of "Thaddeus Stevens", however the real honest 100% question is in 2014 Are "You"
Negro African American "President Barack Obama" ready and (Really) care to open up the grave,
and give to your (Negro) African American People in The United States of America,
What truly belongs to them "Full legitimate standing for a 2014 Reparation Act..!
Or are you "Mr. President Barack Obama just beating your dam gums, ignoring,
and turning your Back fully own your very own (Negro) African American People
"Speak" now or Forever hold your Peace and the real change you claim to seek "Well"
"You" Mr. President Barack Obama continue to just walk away from it (Thee) Negro African American descendants whom all prayed for this day to come
for a (Negro) African Citizen to hold office of the President of the United States of America"
And Make Real Change that includes the (Negro) People in the History of 2014 and well into 2080
There is noting hard about this issue of Reparations at all, and Congress will never cross this path to be 100% Fair in 2014 as they the "White Control Ruling Class"
Forever place old holds on the Issue of Their own criminal pass to ungodly hold on to the rightful "ill-gotten gains" acquired by evil, dishonest
"Killer Means of Slavery being set into play well into 2016 election until the Death of not only you ,
but the passing death of our own (Negro) Grandchildren forever suffering narrow-minded;
bigoted endless bounded black listed forbidden Congress old school Laws
School Home work for this Very Day
dor·mant
1. Lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive.
2. Latent but capable of being activated: "a harrowing experience which . . .
lay dormant but still menacing" (Charles Jackson).
3. Temporarily quiescent:
a dormant volcano. A.K.A (Thaddeus Stevens)
United States of America "Slavery"
When war began in April 1861, Stevens argued that the Confederates were revolutionaries, to be crushed by force.
He also believed that the Confederacy had placed itself beyond the protection of the U.S. Constitution by making war, and in a reconstituted United States,
slavery would have no place. Speaker Galusha Grow, whose views placed him with Stevens among the members becoming known as the Radical Republicans
(for their position on slavery, as opposed to the Conservative or Moderate Republicans),
appointed him as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This position gave him power over the House's agenda.
Abolition—Yes! abolish everything on the face of the earth but this Union; free every slave—slay every traitor—burn every rebel mansion,
if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom to the world and to our posterity.
Stevens accepting renomination for his congressional seat, September 1, 1862
In July 1861, Stevens secured the passage of an act to confiscate the property, including slaves, of certain rebels. In November 1861,
Stevens introduced a resolution to emancipate all slaves; it was defeated.
However legislation did pass that abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and in the territories.
By March 1862, to Stevens's exasperation, the most Lincoln had publicly supported was gradual emancipation in the Border States,
with the masters compensated by the federal government.
Stevens and other radicals were frustrated at how slow Lincoln was to adopt their policies for emancipation; according to Brodie,
"Lincoln seldom succeeded in matching Stevens's pace, though both were marching towards the same bright horizon".
In April 1862, Stevens wrote to a friend, "As for future hopes, they are poor as Lincoln is nobody."
The radicals aggressively pushed the issue, provoking Lincoln to comment: "Stevens, Sumner and [Massachusetts Senator Henry] Wilson
simply haunt me with their importunities for a Proclamation of Emancipation.
Wherever I go and whatever way I turn, they are on my tail, and still in my heart, I have the deep conviction that the hour [to issue one] has not yet come."
The President stated that if it came to a showdown between the radicals and their enemies, he would have to side with Stevens and his fellows,
and deemed them "the unhandiest devils in the world to deal with" but "with their faces ... set Zionwards".
Although Lincoln composed his proclamation in June and July 1862, the secret was held within his Cabinet,
And the President turned aside radical pleadings to issue one until after the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam in September.
Stevens quickly adopted the Emancipation Proclamation for use in his successful reelection campaign.
When Congress returned in December, Stevens maintained his criticism of Lincoln's policies, calling them "flagrant usurpations, deserving the condemnation of the community".
Stevens generally opposed Lincoln's plans to colonize freed slaves abroad, though sometimes he supported emigration proposals for political reasons.
During the Confederate incursion into the North in mid-1863 that culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg,
Confederates twice sent parties to Stevens's Caledonia Forge. Stevens, who had been there supervising operations,
was hastened away by his workers against his will. General Jubal Early looted and vandalized the Forge, causing a loss to Stevens of about $80,000.
Early said that the North had done the same to southern figures, and that Stevens was well known for his vindictiveness towards the South.
Asked if he would have taken the congressman to Libby Prison in Richmond; Early replied that he would have hanged Stevens and divided his bones among the Confederate states.
Stevens pushed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery.
The Emancipation Proclamation was a wartime measure, did not apply to all slaves, and might be reversed by peacetime courts;
an amendment would be slavery's end.[38] The Thirteenth Amendment[a]—which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime—
easily passed the Senate, but failed in the House in June; fears that it might not pass delayed a renewed attempt there.
Lincoln campaigned aggressively for the amendment after his re-election in 1864, and Stevens described his December annual message to Congress as
"the most important and best message that has been communicated to Congress for the last 60 years".
Stevens closed the debate on the amendment on January 13, 1865. Illinois Representative Isaac Arnold wrote:
"distinguished soldiers and citizens filled every available seat, to hear the eloquent old man speak on a measure that was to consummate the warfare of forty years against slavery".
The amendment passed narrowly after heavy pressure exerted by Lincoln himself, along with offers of political appointments from the "Seward lobby".
Allegations of bribery were made by Democrats; Stevens stated "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America."
The amendment was declared ratified on December 18, 1865. Stevens continued to push for a broad interpretation of it that included economic justice in addition to the formal end of slavery.
After passing the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress debated the economic rights of the freedmen.
Urged on by Stevens, it voted to authorize the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands,
with a mandate (though no funding) to set up schools and to distribute "not more than forty acres" of confiscated Confederate land to each family of freed slaves.
Stevens worked closely with Lincoln administration officials on legislation to finance the war.
Within a day of his appointment as Ways and Means chairman, he had reported a bill for a war loan.
Legislation to pay the soldiers Lincoln had already called into service and to allow the administration to borrow to prosecute the war quickly followed.
These acts and more were pushed through the House by Stevens. To defeat the delaying tactics of Copperhead opponents, he had the House set debate limits as short as half a minute.
Stevens played a major part in the passage of the Legal Tender Act of 1862, when for the first time the United States issued currency backed only by its own credit, not by gold or silver.
Early makeshifts to finance the war, such as war bonds, had failed as it became clear the war would not be short.
In 1863, Stevens aided the passage of the National Banking Act, that required that banks limit their currency issues to the amount of federal bonds that they were required to hold.
The system endured for a half-century, until supplanted by the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
Although the Legal Tender legislation allowed for the payment of government obligations in paper money,
Stevens was unable to get the Senate to agree that interest on the national debt should be paid with greenbacks.
As the value of paper money dropped, Stevens railed against gold speculators,
and in June 1864 after consultation with Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, proposed what became known as the Gold Bill—
to abolish the gold market by forbidding its sale by brokers or for future delivery.
It passed Congress in June; the chaos caused by the lack of an organized gold market caused the value of paper to drop even faster.
Under heavy pressure from the business community, Congress repealed the bill on July 1, twelve days after its passage.
Stevens was unrepentant even as the value of paper currency recovered in late 1864 amid the expectation of Union victory,
proposing legislation to make paying a premium in greenbacks for an amount in gold coin a criminal offense. It did not pass.
The (First) Reconstruction Era of the United States
Problem of reconstructing the South
As Congress debated how the U.S. would be organized after the war, the status of freed slaves and former Confederates remained undetermined.
Stevens stated that what was needed was a "radical reorganization of southern institutions, habits, and manners".
Stevens, Sumner and other radicals argued that the southern states should be treated like conquered provinces, without constitutional rights. Lincoln,
on the contrary, said that only individuals, not states, had rebelled.
In July 1864, Stevens pushed Lincoln to sign the Wade–Davis Bill, which required at least half of prewar voters to sign an oath of loyalty for a state to gain readmission.
Lincoln, who advocated his more lenient ten percent plan, pocket vetoed it.
Stevens reluctantly voted for Lincoln at the convention of the National Union Party, a coalition of Republicans and War Democrats.
He would have preferred to vote for the sitting vice president, Hannibal Hamlin, as Lincoln's running mate in 1864,
but his delegation voted to cast the state's ballots for the administration's favored candidate, Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson,
a War Democrat who had been a Tennessee senator and elected governor. Stevens was disgusted at Johnson's nomination, complaining,
"can't you get a candidate for Vice-President without going down into a damned rebel province for one?"
Stevens campaigned for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket; it was elected, as was Stevens for another term in the House.
When in January 1865 Congress learned that Lincoln had attempted peace talks with Confederate leaders,
an outraged Stevens declared that if the American electorate could vote again, they would elect General Benjamin Butler instead of Lincoln.
as (I) study every inch of "Slavery 1619-
through out its continual effect herein as of this very undersigned date,
my quest was led to the most important characteristic of all
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868)
A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans,
Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, in opposition to
President Andrew Johnson.
And The Answer is correct of "Thaddeus Stevens", however the real honest 100% question is in 2014 Are "You"
Negro African American "President Barack Obama" ready and (Really) care to open up the grave,
and give to your (Negro) African American People in The United States of America,
What truly belongs to them "Full legitimate standing for a 2014 Reparation Act..!
Or are you "Mr. President Barack Obama just beating your dam gums, ignoring,
and turning your Back fully own your very own (Negro) African American People
"Speak" now or Forever hold your Peace and the real change you claim to seek "Well"
"You" Mr. President Barack Obama continue to just walk away from it (Thee) Negro African American descendants whom all prayed for this day to come
for a (Negro) African Citizen to hold office of the President of the United States of America"
And Make Real Change that includes the (Negro) People in the History of 2014 and well into 2080
There is noting hard about this issue of Reparations at all, and Congress will never cross this path to be 100% Fair in 2014 as they the "White Control Ruling Class"
Forever place old holds on the Issue of Their own criminal pass to ungodly hold on to the rightful "ill-gotten gains" acquired by evil, dishonest
"Killer Means of Slavery being set into play well into 2016 election until the Death of not only you ,
but the passing death of our own (Negro) Grandchildren forever suffering narrow-minded;
bigoted endless bounded black listed forbidden Congress old school Laws
School Home work for this Very Day
dor·mant
1. Lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive.
2. Latent but capable of being activated: "a harrowing experience which . . .
lay dormant but still menacing" (Charles Jackson).
3. Temporarily quiescent:
a dormant volcano. A.K.A (Thaddeus Stevens)
United States of America "Slavery"
When war began in April 1861, Stevens argued that the Confederates were revolutionaries, to be crushed by force.
He also believed that the Confederacy had placed itself beyond the protection of the U.S. Constitution by making war, and in a reconstituted United States,
slavery would have no place. Speaker Galusha Grow, whose views placed him with Stevens among the members becoming known as the Radical Republicans
(for their position on slavery, as opposed to the Conservative or Moderate Republicans),
appointed him as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This position gave him power over the House's agenda.
Abolition—Yes! abolish everything on the face of the earth but this Union; free every slave—slay every traitor—burn every rebel mansion,
if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom to the world and to our posterity.
Stevens accepting renomination for his congressional seat, September 1, 1862
In July 1861, Stevens secured the passage of an act to confiscate the property, including slaves, of certain rebels. In November 1861,
Stevens introduced a resolution to emancipate all slaves; it was defeated.
However legislation did pass that abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and in the territories.
By March 1862, to Stevens's exasperation, the most Lincoln had publicly supported was gradual emancipation in the Border States,
with the masters compensated by the federal government.
Stevens and other radicals were frustrated at how slow Lincoln was to adopt their policies for emancipation; according to Brodie,
"Lincoln seldom succeeded in matching Stevens's pace, though both were marching towards the same bright horizon".
In April 1862, Stevens wrote to a friend, "As for future hopes, they are poor as Lincoln is nobody."
The radicals aggressively pushed the issue, provoking Lincoln to comment: "Stevens, Sumner and [Massachusetts Senator Henry] Wilson
simply haunt me with their importunities for a Proclamation of Emancipation.
Wherever I go and whatever way I turn, they are on my tail, and still in my heart, I have the deep conviction that the hour [to issue one] has not yet come."
The President stated that if it came to a showdown between the radicals and their enemies, he would have to side with Stevens and his fellows,
and deemed them "the unhandiest devils in the world to deal with" but "with their faces ... set Zionwards".
Although Lincoln composed his proclamation in June and July 1862, the secret was held within his Cabinet,
And the President turned aside radical pleadings to issue one until after the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam in September.
Stevens quickly adopted the Emancipation Proclamation for use in his successful reelection campaign.
When Congress returned in December, Stevens maintained his criticism of Lincoln's policies, calling them "flagrant usurpations, deserving the condemnation of the community".
Stevens generally opposed Lincoln's plans to colonize freed slaves abroad, though sometimes he supported emigration proposals for political reasons.
During the Confederate incursion into the North in mid-1863 that culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg,
Confederates twice sent parties to Stevens's Caledonia Forge. Stevens, who had been there supervising operations,
was hastened away by his workers against his will. General Jubal Early looted and vandalized the Forge, causing a loss to Stevens of about $80,000.
Early said that the North had done the same to southern figures, and that Stevens was well known for his vindictiveness towards the South.
Asked if he would have taken the congressman to Libby Prison in Richmond; Early replied that he would have hanged Stevens and divided his bones among the Confederate states.
Stevens pushed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery.
The Emancipation Proclamation was a wartime measure, did not apply to all slaves, and might be reversed by peacetime courts;
an amendment would be slavery's end.[38] The Thirteenth Amendment[a]—which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime—
easily passed the Senate, but failed in the House in June; fears that it might not pass delayed a renewed attempt there.
Lincoln campaigned aggressively for the amendment after his re-election in 1864, and Stevens described his December annual message to Congress as
"the most important and best message that has been communicated to Congress for the last 60 years".
Stevens closed the debate on the amendment on January 13, 1865. Illinois Representative Isaac Arnold wrote:
"distinguished soldiers and citizens filled every available seat, to hear the eloquent old man speak on a measure that was to consummate the warfare of forty years against slavery".
The amendment passed narrowly after heavy pressure exerted by Lincoln himself, along with offers of political appointments from the "Seward lobby".
Allegations of bribery were made by Democrats; Stevens stated "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America."
The amendment was declared ratified on December 18, 1865. Stevens continued to push for a broad interpretation of it that included economic justice in addition to the formal end of slavery.
After passing the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress debated the economic rights of the freedmen.
Urged on by Stevens, it voted to authorize the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands,
with a mandate (though no funding) to set up schools and to distribute "not more than forty acres" of confiscated Confederate land to each family of freed slaves.
Stevens worked closely with Lincoln administration officials on legislation to finance the war.
Within a day of his appointment as Ways and Means chairman, he had reported a bill for a war loan.
Legislation to pay the soldiers Lincoln had already called into service and to allow the administration to borrow to prosecute the war quickly followed.
These acts and more were pushed through the House by Stevens. To defeat the delaying tactics of Copperhead opponents, he had the House set debate limits as short as half a minute.
Stevens played a major part in the passage of the Legal Tender Act of 1862, when for the first time the United States issued currency backed only by its own credit, not by gold or silver.
Early makeshifts to finance the war, such as war bonds, had failed as it became clear the war would not be short.
In 1863, Stevens aided the passage of the National Banking Act, that required that banks limit their currency issues to the amount of federal bonds that they were required to hold.
The system endured for a half-century, until supplanted by the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
Although the Legal Tender legislation allowed for the payment of government obligations in paper money,
Stevens was unable to get the Senate to agree that interest on the national debt should be paid with greenbacks.
As the value of paper money dropped, Stevens railed against gold speculators,
and in June 1864 after consultation with Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, proposed what became known as the Gold Bill—
to abolish the gold market by forbidding its sale by brokers or for future delivery.
It passed Congress in June; the chaos caused by the lack of an organized gold market caused the value of paper to drop even faster.
Under heavy pressure from the business community, Congress repealed the bill on July 1, twelve days after its passage.
Stevens was unrepentant even as the value of paper currency recovered in late 1864 amid the expectation of Union victory,
proposing legislation to make paying a premium in greenbacks for an amount in gold coin a criminal offense. It did not pass.
The (First) Reconstruction Era of the United States
Problem of reconstructing the South
As Congress debated how the U.S. would be organized after the war, the status of freed slaves and former Confederates remained undetermined.
Stevens stated that what was needed was a "radical reorganization of southern institutions, habits, and manners".
Stevens, Sumner and other radicals argued that the southern states should be treated like conquered provinces, without constitutional rights. Lincoln,
on the contrary, said that only individuals, not states, had rebelled.
In July 1864, Stevens pushed Lincoln to sign the Wade–Davis Bill, which required at least half of prewar voters to sign an oath of loyalty for a state to gain readmission.
Lincoln, who advocated his more lenient ten percent plan, pocket vetoed it.
Stevens reluctantly voted for Lincoln at the convention of the National Union Party, a coalition of Republicans and War Democrats.
He would have preferred to vote for the sitting vice president, Hannibal Hamlin, as Lincoln's running mate in 1864,
but his delegation voted to cast the state's ballots for the administration's favored candidate, Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson,
a War Democrat who had been a Tennessee senator and elected governor. Stevens was disgusted at Johnson's nomination, complaining,
"can't you get a candidate for Vice-President without going down into a damned rebel province for one?"
Stevens campaigned for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket; it was elected, as was Stevens for another term in the House.
When in January 1865 Congress learned that Lincoln had attempted peace talks with Confederate leaders,
an outraged Stevens declared that if the American electorate could vote again, they would elect General Benjamin Butler instead of Lincoln.
Sunday, January 26, 2014
My Dear Honorable "President Barack Obama" This Fund to be raised is in excess of 2.8 Billion U.S. Dollars...xoxoox! :)
To fully enact a 2014 Reparations Act, under your full 100% control,
Authority and Presidential Negro Legacy,
As Acting First (Negro) African American President in the History of (America)
For the Behalf of United States of America (Negro) Population of past descendants of "Slavery"
With the full support of the American People,
Congress and Private sector, to include under your full guidance,
Instructions with the Aid of your Super Pac "Priorities USA
In rebuilding (America) Slums, Rehabilitation of The (Negro) Race as a whole,
Social Services"
and other details being described by me on my blog, & "Is It Legal To"
and any other news source to get real action
for such a undertaking of 2.8 Billions U.S. Dollars for a start up capitol
To launch the 2014 Reparations Act"
Namely a New USA Rebuilding Construction Platform Nation Wide Era
as also to United The Entire American Citizens as one
and finally end such bitterness of Slavery & Jim Crow Laws in The United States of America...
Also to be in full support of Mr. Bill & Mrs. Clinton"
Support and aid in the 2016 Presidential Platform of Mrs. H. Clinton
Soon being first (Acting) "Lady President" of the "United States of America"
As Partnership with President Barack Obama'. time has come to pass to push the issues
As Congress refuse to act in a Honorable Respectable Fashion for such
"Cruel, Criminal, Killer act's of "Force Negro Slavery"
Since 1865 to 2014 (149) years of Congress pure "useless neglect clause"
When already making such Reparations Acts to other races Herein (America)
Other then The (Negro) African American Race and there descendants of Slavery.
Thus The United States of America Congress being 100% "Selfish,
Malicious and Very "White Ruling Control Class"
Engrossed in Such Completely Dog Ass Greed to continue "Facilitate and Foster"
such real bitterness
directed at the United States of America (Negro) African American Race
descendants of "Slavery" herein in (America)
Which did in Fact occurred herein and actually Build the
"New World" know to be "The United States of America"
In excess of 100 Trillion U.S. Dollars of Free Labor profits based on 222,505,049 hours of
"Forced Negro Slave Labor between the year of 1619-1865 (246) years
With a compound Interest of 6% never being paid to the Descendants of Slavery in
"The United States of America"
With Jim Crow Laws enforced there after for a
"Emancipation without Freedom Act"
to continue with the purpose of same such disturbing Racial Jeopardy
to continue benefit (Only) the "White Ruling Class" of "The United States of America".
Against The "Peace", "Dignity" and "Rights"
Of the Entire (Negro) African American People and their descendants thereof....
(I) seek your full 100% Support, and Full Distinguished Presidential Understanding
(That) the time has actually come to set aside such wrong doings in 2014 reality
And "Rebuild America" in a way that Support the Negro African American Race
And all other Americans herein being fully benefit from such a real undertaking".
In a Tax Exempt Status to be fully enjoyed for the 2014 Reparations Act..!
Not one thin "silver dime" shall be moved from said funds only on the Approval, Authority of the acting
(Negro) acting President "Barack Obama" of "The United States Of America"
100% Honest Hands"...and relocated in a American Banking System of your (Barack Obama) choice. (ASAP).........!
(I) seek your Presidential Honorable help in asking from
The 44.5 Million (Negro) African American People in (America)
a simple small one time payment of only $12.50 from each living Negro Slave descendants
live in (America) as of this undersigned date herein
With any and all other real donations being made charity exempt to this Fund from such sources like
The United States of America Full Congress,
The (American People), Each State in the Union of The United States, Private Sectors, Corporations,
Institutions, Hollywood Stars, NFL, NBA, U.S. A Military and to include (Any and All)
Whom knowingly benefit from such acts of "Force Negro Slavery" in the pass and to include but not limited to
(All) Country(s) Around the World wishing to be apart of the same support Net work
Fully Fixed in on a Tax Refund (America) donation benefit package,
with full details for the Reconstruction plans era made by me "Louis Charles Hamilton II
Already filed in U.S. Federal District Court U.S. Docket No. 1:10-CV-00808
"However" (My) New Reconstruction Plans being fully 100% revised
As of this date undersigned herein to benefit all as described herein
With your Presidential Barack Obama Hands in making absolute sure such a Real USA
Reconstruction plan is Definite over time to pass...from the year of 2014
Take Notice "President Barack Obama" in the 2012 Presidential Race
You raised $715,677,692 U.S. Dollars in such a short time with ease :cool:
(I) was amazed in your direct regards to get such funding with great respect from the (American) People..!
The 2.8 Billion U.S. Dollars is (Only) a Start up Capitol
To direct a path of healing the (Negro) Race and put in stone "Everlasting Peace"
While actually rebuilding (America) on such a small sum that bloom/booming
Into a Snowball down hill effect and actually increasing
The Efficiency of The (Negro) African American Race as a Whole,
While saving "The United States of America" from "Financial Ruin"
Respectfully Yours
Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN) :cool:
bluefinlch2@gmail.com
Authority and Presidential Negro Legacy,
As Acting First (Negro) African American President in the History of (America)
For the Behalf of United States of America (Negro) Population of past descendants of "Slavery"
With the full support of the American People,
Congress and Private sector, to include under your full guidance,
Instructions with the Aid of your Super Pac "Priorities USA
In rebuilding (America) Slums, Rehabilitation of The (Negro) Race as a whole,
Social Services"
and other details being described by me on my blog, & "Is It Legal To"
and any other news source to get real action
for such a undertaking of 2.8 Billions U.S. Dollars for a start up capitol
To launch the 2014 Reparations Act"
Namely a New USA Rebuilding Construction Platform Nation Wide Era
as also to United The Entire American Citizens as one
and finally end such bitterness of Slavery & Jim Crow Laws in The United States of America...
Also to be in full support of Mr. Bill & Mrs. Clinton"
Support and aid in the 2016 Presidential Platform of Mrs. H. Clinton
Soon being first (Acting) "Lady President" of the "United States of America"
As Partnership with President Barack Obama'. time has come to pass to push the issues
As Congress refuse to act in a Honorable Respectable Fashion for such
"Cruel, Criminal, Killer act's of "Force Negro Slavery"
Since 1865 to 2014 (149) years of Congress pure "useless neglect clause"
When already making such Reparations Acts to other races Herein (America)
Other then The (Negro) African American Race and there descendants of Slavery.
Thus The United States of America Congress being 100% "Selfish,
Malicious and Very "White Ruling Control Class"
Engrossed in Such Completely Dog Ass Greed to continue "Facilitate and Foster"
such real bitterness
directed at the United States of America (Negro) African American Race
descendants of "Slavery" herein in (America)
Which did in Fact occurred herein and actually Build the
"New World" know to be "The United States of America"
In excess of 100 Trillion U.S. Dollars of Free Labor profits based on 222,505,049 hours of
"Forced Negro Slave Labor between the year of 1619-1865 (246) years
With a compound Interest of 6% never being paid to the Descendants of Slavery in
"The United States of America"
With Jim Crow Laws enforced there after for a
"Emancipation without Freedom Act"
to continue with the purpose of same such disturbing Racial Jeopardy
to continue benefit (Only) the "White Ruling Class" of "The United States of America".
Against The "Peace", "Dignity" and "Rights"
Of the Entire (Negro) African American People and their descendants thereof....
(I) seek your full 100% Support, and Full Distinguished Presidential Understanding
(That) the time has actually come to set aside such wrong doings in 2014 reality
And "Rebuild America" in a way that Support the Negro African American Race
And all other Americans herein being fully benefit from such a real undertaking".
In a Tax Exempt Status to be fully enjoyed for the 2014 Reparations Act..!
Not one thin "silver dime" shall be moved from said funds only on the Approval, Authority of the acting
(Negro) acting President "Barack Obama" of "The United States Of America"
100% Honest Hands"...and relocated in a American Banking System of your (Barack Obama) choice. (ASAP).........!
(I) seek your Presidential Honorable help in asking from
The 44.5 Million (Negro) African American People in (America)
a simple small one time payment of only $12.50 from each living Negro Slave descendants
live in (America) as of this undersigned date herein
With any and all other real donations being made charity exempt to this Fund from such sources like
The United States of America Full Congress,
The (American People), Each State in the Union of The United States, Private Sectors, Corporations,
Institutions, Hollywood Stars, NFL, NBA, U.S. A Military and to include (Any and All)
Whom knowingly benefit from such acts of "Force Negro Slavery" in the pass and to include but not limited to
(All) Country(s) Around the World wishing to be apart of the same support Net work
Fully Fixed in on a Tax Refund (America) donation benefit package,
with full details for the Reconstruction plans era made by me "Louis Charles Hamilton II
Already filed in U.S. Federal District Court U.S. Docket No. 1:10-CV-00808
"However" (My) New Reconstruction Plans being fully 100% revised
As of this date undersigned herein to benefit all as described herein
With your Presidential Barack Obama Hands in making absolute sure such a Real USA
Reconstruction plan is Definite over time to pass...from the year of 2014
Take Notice "President Barack Obama" in the 2012 Presidential Race
You raised $715,677,692 U.S. Dollars in such a short time with ease :cool:
(I) was amazed in your direct regards to get such funding with great respect from the (American) People..!
The 2.8 Billion U.S. Dollars is (Only) a Start up Capitol
To direct a path of healing the (Negro) Race and put in stone "Everlasting Peace"
While actually rebuilding (America) on such a small sum that bloom/booming
Into a Snowball down hill effect and actually increasing
The Efficiency of The (Negro) African American Race as a Whole,
While saving "The United States of America" from "Financial Ruin"
Respectfully Yours
Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN) :cool:
bluefinlch2@gmail.com
My Darling Carmae Elarco, Mom Mary-ann Oberez Elarco, (Auntie) Ethel Oberez & Family & Sexy Super Star "Miley Cyrus"...xoxoxo! :)
1. if your names is (Miley Cyrus) Hadassa Cbg, Had Assa, Hadassah Cbg & Fairuza Colins your pictures and cool notes will be published on my FaceBook (Forever) Cuz.....(I) put a tag block on my face book forever...!
a. Your sexy XXX Fine self are beauty with a smile and or real Lady FB friends of mine, plus you have very good XXX fashion taste and not some scank gutter slut whore chasing after me .........Da'
b. Your also very respectful to Carmae, and your self too (Thanks) :)
c. Your my Sexy Miley Cyrus who need no dam introduction into the Sexy hall of fame da' she always have a place in my Sweet heart for Sexy "Miley" if ya stupid ass slow Learn what sexy is from "Miley" you dizzy bitches.....xoxoxo!
2. if you asking to be on my face book and thought you were getting my attention you did.... but your not all of that as you think you are ....and you one who know who you are already blocked your self today ha, ha,
(I) could careless if your very Professional or street whore take notice your not carmae and if I said I was attracted to you it from my eyes as a man seeing a women (Not) looing for a relationship, cuz (I) am engaged "Happy" ,
if I said you should post more sexy pictures of your self (I) do not want to see your nakedness it is very plan and simple you have no fashion taste at all, (da')
and you should consider a real make over (ASAP) da" you know exactly whom you are as your thinking your a 10 piece chicken dinner with two side orders but looking like trash as you seeking a man for life well,
if you can not take my thoughts your slim ass should never been my friend in the first place da" and what man your going to catch looking like trash ......(Anyway) inner beauty is
ok however a real man want a sexy fine nice wife too whom can cook as she also being real in Loving ways for a Family (OK).....ooxoxooxoxox!
(I) have very good eye for art & what (I) consider sexy female fashion too..Miley Cyrus Be Like Miley .....
She XXX fine Da" learn something from her & get over your lame look's as your splashing your self on my FB cuz the road to us lead nowhere your not officially (Carmae) da'
3. sorry to my FB men friends but my Baby and (I) came to the same conclusion after i got a heated conversation by one of her (Family) members (That) this is for the very best so posting female pictures will no longer be allowed unless (I) know for sure
(I) want her posted on my FB nothing personal but my Carmae Family deserved more respect as (I) am waiting almost 2 years for her to marry with a Happy Heart
and I am going to try my best to make sure she Happy 24/7 she do indeed deserve respect as also her family too (OK)..............
The group (I) designed "Always Sweet Sexy Smooches" I am no longer the President (Carmae) is (I) been moved to VP as we both are acting members of this group as this is the only place for sexy fine female art...!
and cool fine female Pictures as you do not know a dam thing about me or Carmae, Her mother Mary ann already like a few pictures of other women then her own daughter as she posted her like to my choice in what I consider sexy fine (Art)
(So) get over your self again cuz your road lead to nowhere too ......you are not Carmae da' to include but not limited to the fact
(I) been a judge over 3 beauty shows in my life as women dancing about me in noting but strings (I) smile but see which one is more Lady as she almost naked and when (I) make my choice you better understand she 100% fine head to toe inside and out and my question will be point blank she never saw it coming
and if your loser ass think (I) do not know beauty then "slow bitches" look very close at my cover picture them is my two very sweet pretty fine daughters as they mother (Rachel Ann Walker) DOA
but was so extreme XXX fine I went to Mormon fu-king hell and back to be with her, and ended up very hurt but nothing change the DNA facts and TM Cajun daddy smile upon on my "Chandra & Natasha" Lovely Faces....
.As you also see my Profile Picture is in Fact Carmae..! she too is quite Lovely but her mature lady brain far exceed any women (I) ever met or Loved as (I) am surprised to see her Heart finding it's lovely way to me,
she 1000% super smart starting college very soon at her age and is the President of her class.........
but more important her mother told me to my face she see true love between us and so very happy for us both with her 100% supportas we all three talk "live" (Always)as her mother is Chaperon over our relationship with a Loving Smiling Heart..!
If your loser Scank asses think (I) am dog meat (Ugly) as I am posting this Faith be told "Miley Cyrus" just posted today she likes my Photo on her time line Dec 24 2013
an Carmae & the World this Nigga super smiling like crazy (Da") ha ha check for your slow self cuz
"Miley is My No. 1 (American) Sexy Super Star by far no female on Earth can even come close da" so bitches Get over your self (I) truly Know Beauty Da'.
Conclusion
Carmae my Family sat me down after church and ask me why (I) do not want a women from USA and how crazy am I to wait for your 18 birthday 2015 and my answer was simple
1. not one of you loser ass female guys ever been out side of the United States of America it is very real as most are 100% dirt poor trying to come to America anyway,
as with Carmae she was sent with blessing from above cuz she found me as I was looking at her but she snuck me so good I was shock in how in the hell she can be that mature at her age and such a real women ...
..so with her mom siting next to her as we talk I said God (Thanks) (I) can never find nothing that Sweet, Special and Loving Crazy about my me Loser Ass da'
So my Prayers been answered and the road led always To Carmae Elarco 24/7 until she say otherwise
and True Love has no direct Citizenship...
Been threw enough with you spoiled American Women whom do not even take the time to cook any more but cry for money and stuck on your dam beauty
FYI: Miley Cyrus that a no brainer cuz for you I eat dog crap, crawl threw glass naked, slam my willie wacker in a car door (Twice)
And then they can put my black ass on a Cross just Like Thee "Jesus Christ" ha ha ha just to say a simple hi to your sexy sweet Miley Face (OK)......xoxoxoox!
Brother may be slow but not blind and stupid ha ha and (I) am working on a love song just for sweet sexy you after (I) post the conclusion to Barack Obama......xoxooox!
you may want copy rights too it is a 100%winner......xoxoxoox! (I) know Music too :)
P.S. to my (Dear) Mr. President of the United States of America..(Obama)..(I) am posting today parts and maybe the whole finishing to the conclusion for
Reparations for the (Negro) African American 2014 issues for "Slavery"
if any Jack Ass female take any issue to my posting first of all (I) was not talking to your slow asses (anyway)
and if you felt I did then my message was quite fu-king extra clear da' keep your lame comments to your self
all bi/gay men give me a real (Negro) break their are web sites designed just for you and your choice, in Gay Life
your road is 100 percent going no where ever with me cuz it do not lead to Carmae Elarco
Peace out..!
(Don't be hating it leads to bleeding vaginal/rectums pains)
and if your smart block ya slow asses or never ask to be my FB Friend Ever....!
Love ya Carmae Elarco (Da') I am very happy just waiting for time to tick by in meeting us together (Smooches)
Wednesday, January 22, 2014
President “Barack Obama” “Heart to Heart” Honest Understanding for “Expedited Implement” of The 2014 Reparations Act”,
“Mr.
President Barack Obama”,
“Sir”
The Solutions is quite “Elementary Very Super Simple” as it
has been fully staring The Negro African Americans (Race) Right Dead in Their
Own Slow Faces
For many years to past and comes without any “Extricate Entanglement”
of the very lame actions of “United States of America Congress”
Whom absolutely refused from the past well into this very undersigned
day described herein,
In Direct “Honorable Acts” of being regarded with great
respect to fulfill such a “Distinguished Honor” and “Obligations of Citizenship”
of “The United States of America” In Full Consideration of the hostile
“White America Ruling Class” extreme Coerced and
Uncompensated force labor of the (Negro) African Americans Ancestors to
actually build the New World Namely “The United States of America.
Notwithstanding all (Negro) whom having performed under complete
killer distress over Centuries, even with the cost of their very own lives, lives
of their entire families,
With such very unkind, malicious, vicious,
emotionally-charged angry everyday “White Ruling Class” behavior in the
enforcement of aggression to facilitate a
Estimates free labor that the total of Reparations due is over 100 Trillion
U.S. Dollars,
Based on 222,505,049
hours of “forced labor”, between, 1619-1865, (246) years, with a compounded
Interest of 6% payment “past due”
To the descendants of “Slaves” in the current
standing of The United States of America..!
On the behalf of the entire “Negro African American Race” population
in excess of 44.5 Millions (Negro) for a “Hasten Reparations Acts” of extreme
measures in
“Monetary Authority” targeting a rate of “Interest for the Purpose”
compensation in many “Variety of Forms”.
The Never-ending useless United States of America Lame
Congress “Escape goat” lame strategy clause of “which (Negro) descendants would
receive such payments,
Whom ever exactly should be paying them (Negro) African American descendants,
And in what “Monetary value from” , highly controversial crooked
conduct as of this undersigned date has fully come to pass to its “Road Ends.
“Elementary” Doctor “Watson” or shall (I) “Louis Charles Hamilton
II” herein “Respectfully” say to you Mr. “President” and “Commander in Chief” Barack
Obama
We Thee (Negro) African American Nation descendants of the
new world herein namely
“The United States of America” pay in full our very own
100% dam described interpretations of a “2014 Reparations Acts. Da’ (ha ha)
J
Nor will there ever be The Need for “Systematic study” or “Crooked
Corrupted Congress” withholding Investigation(s) into “Reparations for Slavery”,
While holding lame wasted meetings of bull crap for more Money/Time
invested in
a Sorry slow moving “Congressional Hearings”,
Notwithstanding “Stupid
Speaking” out of the “Deep Depth” of their very own sorry “Tea Party”
Republican Asses “Task Force”,
Or any “Slime Commissions” derived thereof, and not one
single wasted paper on the surly going nowhere ever (Negro) Petitions. With the
likes of U.S. House Bill H.R. 40
Putting to RIP forever the infamous, “40 Acres” and a “Lame
Broke Dick Mangy Dead Mule”.
We Thee (Negro) African American Nation descendants of the
new world herein namely “The United States of America”
Will now completely
accumulate, maintain, and keep our own (Surprised) 2014 super economic
resources that’s
100% brand new and coming into reckoned from this particular
point in time, 2014 forever to last on,
and quite separate from (Negro) African
American Nation descendants herein required duty to pay National Taxes..!
With said new 2014 economic resources “Booming”, “Snowballing”
Development effect being deposited into our very own Financial (Negro) African
American Nation, “Banking Institution”,
“Fully and Forever Everlasting”, free from “White Ruling
Class” Congress and its counterpart of (American) “Greed”, “Theft” and “Corruption”.
With such a, “New 2014 Economic Growth”, in a very quick, “Smart
Finance Fashion, (25) years of steady growth 100% actual surplus.
Fast “Superseding” the “United States of America”
Very Own National Debt of $17.075 Trillion U.S. Dollars. According
to figures posted online by the U.S. Treasury Department on Friday
The Estimated population of The United States of America is
317,487,972 with each citizen share of this debt is $54,441.00 U.S. Dollars
Subtract 44.5 Million (Negro) African Americans from this
equation leaving 272,987,972 share in the remaining population x $54,441.00
U.S. Dollars
With the (Negro) African Americans population standing at
44,500,000 share in the remaining debt x $54,441.00 U.S. Dollars
While the New (Negro) African American Banking Institution, surplus
freeing (Crooked America) from Financial Ruin, “Irony”
The same simpletons Namely “The United States of America” who
gain in excess of 100 Trillion U.S. Dollars from such enforcement of “Slavery”
against The (Negro) African Americans descendants from 1619-1865 (246) years
Of hard killer gruesome
steady “New World” free profits and refused to make a single “Fair”, “Honest”, “Proper”,
“Wholesome”, and “Rightful” “Reparations” payment to the (Negro) African
American descendants described fully herein.
To Be Continue By: Louis Charles Hamilton II
Group Demands that "President Barack Obama" form Task Force to Study Reparations for Slavery ..!
A petition has been circulating to demand that President Obama and Congress take the lead on at least investigating reparations for slavery in the United States.
The movement is not a surprise, after Caribbean nations and other parts of the world have been demanding both official apologies for slavery, as well as financial compensation.
The petition was started by Jeff Savage, an activist who believes that it’s time that the United States address its past and the inequality which exists today as a result of past oppression.
“Let it be known, we are demanding that United States Congress hold Congressional Hearings and that a Task Force,
Or Commission, be formed for reparations for the descendants of Africans who were enslaved in the United States of America for centuries,” the petition begins.
The petition then goes on to state that the reparations are meant to “repair and to compensate, the people who were wronged.”
He points out that the United States, American corporations and millions of citizens alive today have benefited from hundreds of years of free labor.
Much of the wealth in the United States was created during a time when African Americans were not allowed to accumulate or keep their economic resources.
Had slavery never existed in the US, African Americans would have trillions of dollars more than they have today.
“Whereas, this dehumanizing practice enabled the United States to rise to global prominence, to accumulate massive amounts of wealth,
And to build the world’s most formidable military, among others achievements, to become the world’s only Superpower,” the petition reads.
The petition also reaches for practical, tangible solutions to help obtain reparations.
It mentions US House Bill HR 40, sponsored by Rep. John Conyers in Michigan, which lays out ways that reparations can be paid.
Whereas, U.S. House Bill H.R. 40, as it was originally sponsored by Rep. John Conyers, D-MI, provides a viable outline that best suits this measure.
We further recognize reparations as the only way forward to move towards resolution of this human rights issue;
Whereas, the purpose and goal of this Task Force, or Commission, is to determine how reparations will be made to the descendants of the Africans enslaved in America.
Therefore, we acknowledge this as a human rights issue that demands the power and unconditional support of the President and the Congress of the United States of America
And that it can be established by Executive Order of the President of the United states; and,
Therefore, we sign this petition to demand that government of the United States of America immediately form a Task Force, or Commission,
Whose purpose is formulate how reparations will be made to the descendants of the Africans who were brutally enslaved in this country for centuries,
And who were further demoralized and oppressed for another 100+ years of Jim Crow.
Elaine Riddick · Follow · Top Commenter · Works at The Rebecca Project for Human Rights
I think that they should pay,wall street is still around,as well as the corporations that benefitted from slavery!
Reply · 13 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 1:33pm
Kimber Leigh · Works at Akashic record
HELL YEAH. you can start with the CSX yard in downtown atlanta
Reply · 5 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 1:48pm
Keith Jackson · Satelite academy
YES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 7:11pm
.
Mustafa Ansari · Follow · Dean at Self Employed and Loving It!
Petition signing unless it is a court petition filed in the Inter-American Court pursuant to the Convention on the Elimination of Racism and UN General Assembly Resolution 60/147 is just a waste of time. Non-lawyers and Domestic lawyers that are unaware that Reparative measures are proper for people who are the victims of "Crimes Against humanity" go nowhere.
A petition to Obama is useless because it was the Obama and the Bush Administration who both walked away from the Slavery negotiating table in the International forums. If African Americans like Savage were thoughtful they would work with an international attorney or attorneys , because REPARATIONS are the RULE OF LAW for injured people. Human Rights TV home page
Reply · 11 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 6:37pm
Robert Antoine · Top Commenter · Kaplan University
Exactly Mr. Ansari. With a deficient of 17 trillion dollars. Who thinks for one minute the United States will even consider such as repreations.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 8:57pm
Keith Davis · Center for Urban Theological Studies
Yours is a thoughtful response that warrants consideration as these efforts move forward. The condition of vast number of African Americans in the U.S. Is appalling - all due to economic deprevation.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 28, 2013 at 7:52am
Arthur Robinson · Top Commenter · Hackettstown High School
You are correct. There is also a mitigating issue here that releases America from its reparations obligation in exchange for a compromise. That compromise was integration, rather then Separate But Equal Status, pursuant to the law, in exchange for a social experiment in violation of the law.
The Separate But Equal Doctrine placed the full weight of the United States Treasury and the Treasury of the States as a form of reparations. Denied under Brown and compromised Under the Civil Rights Act of 1963-1965. The Check due and owning that Dr. King made mentioned to was sold as compromise position.
Reply · Like
· October 29, 2013 at 2:01pm
View 1 more.
Keke Mitchell · Works at Child Care
I fully stand with my people behind this petition. In Jesus' name.... it will come to pass.
Reply · 9 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 2:15am
Ali Bey · Co Owner at Brothers & Sisters Entertainment LLC
All the United States needs to say is that it was the European Nations that enslaved the people here. At the time Slavery started, there was no United States. Further, they never took people from any African Nation or Tribe called "Blacks". There is no such nation of tribe that exists and the people who were enslaved were NOT Christians.
Reply · 3 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 8:04am
Zev Goldman · Top Commenter · Missouri Southern State University
Native Americans were hunted down and killed for a bounty. When do we get to rip off American tax payers? If anyone should pay a penny for slavery it should be the Muslims of North Africa who to this day raid sub-Saharan Africa for slaves as they did during the 17th,18th and 19th centuries with their black African allies.
Reply · 3 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 5:14pm
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Randy Jones · Top Commenter
Ali Bey from 1776-1865 the United States was an existing country which imported and held in captivity African and African descendants. I'm sure if this ever goes up for discussion by Congress they will use every excuse they can to get around reparations. But that particular argument will not fly.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 6:08pm
View 4 more.
Deborah Nolan · Follow · Top Commenter
I don't care who the President is, the United States is never going to give any type of payment to African American's for slavery, they don't really feel they've done anything wrong, and our skin is still Black. This issue has been on the table before and it went away just as fast. They gone Hush it up again, #Watch!
Reply · 8 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 3:00am
Ali Bey · Co Owner at Brothers & Sisters Entertainment LLC
It's gonna go away again because they keep going about it the same wrong way. Britain, Spain, Portugal & the Netherlands are the NATIONS that are responsible for going into the so called African continent and buying or taking people from the various NATIONS AND TRIBES there and bringing them to the Americas.
There was no United States. Reparations as it pertains to InterNational relations are payments made from one country or nation to another for damages sustained during war. So in truth, it should be the African Nations suing those responsible European Nations in the International Court of Justice on behalf of so called African Americans provided that African Americans can prove they actually are descendants of those who were "TAKEN" from Africa during that Slave Trade.
The one Fact that the so called Blacks who are pushing this have not considered is that all so called Blacks in the United States are NOT descendants of Slaves imported from Africa. This notion presupposes that our people were not seafarers who traveled to the Americas Long before Columbus arrived.
Reply · 4 · Like
· Edited · October 27, 2013 at 8:13am
Shalon Leonard · Top Commenter · Essex County College
Obama gave reparations to the "Japanese Americans" for them being put in concentration camps right here in america. Yet he says he dosent believe in reparations for AA.
Reply · 8 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 11:55am
Basil Keilani · Top Commenter
Shalon Leonard The Japanese who were put in camps were still alive. WWII happened 70 years ago. Some of them are still alive. Who is alive from 200 years ago? When holocaust survivors were given reparations (the Jewish ones mainly, not the others) there were many holocaust survivors alive.
Reply · 4 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 9:45pm
Tuck Jackson
We demand our 40 acres and the mule. For all the free labor that built this country.
Reply · 7 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 4:45pm
Leontyne Clay Peck · Top Commenter
This nation must atone to the descendants of slaves for 400 years of slavery. Reparations are necessary for restoration.
Reply · 5 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 10:41pm
Minister Jerald Gainous · Follow · Top Commenter · Christ Child of God at Under employed
I agree, everyone else is getting it, except the black skinned man. I'll tell you if you want to be fair then be fair with everybody. But then again who's trying to be fair? If it can be given to ones less mistreated, then we should be the real people to receive blood money!
Reply · 4 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 6:19pm
Wayne Thorpe · Elizabeth Seton College, Yonkers, NY
WHY NOT REPARATION , IT WAS 500 OF FREE BLACK LABOR THAT MADE THIS COUNTRY RICH .
Reply · 3 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 3:03pm
Wayne Thorpe · Elizabeth Seton College, Yonkers, NY
500 YEAR OF FREE LABOR
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 3:06pm
John CJ Tucker · Top Commenter · Cook to Chef at Food Service areas;1986 thru 2007
Impossible; Who do you compensate; the survivors from 1863 or the descendants of 2013? That is 6 generations removed. I as a African American would agree with this idea, except, the majority of wealth today, was generated since 1929, and the average billionaire today, have no direct relationship to slavery.
The only thing we would accomplish is a greater divisiveness between races. Any reparations would only come from tax payers. The results would require raising taxes considerably .I see no logical solution. Slaves where granted automatic citizenship in 1863,that is the legitimate point to claim punitive and compensatory damages, not 150 years later.
Reply · 1 · Like
· October 28, 2013 at 6:17pm
Robert Antoine · Top Commenter · Kaplan University
NEVER HAPPEN. BLACK PRESIDENT OR WHITE !
Reply · 2 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 9:00pm
43 Responses to Group Demands that President Obama form Task Force to Study Reparations for Slavery
Big MO Reply
October 29, 2013 at 6:25 pm
No people in HUMAN history have gotten more because of the color of their skin than African Americans. They TAKE and they TAKE…and they TAKE. They remember nothing.
Every other racial group out works the lazy black man. The black man just sits back and WAITS… He waits for his opportunity to get something for nothing.
The worst thing the white man ever did was gift the black man integration rights.
What white people need to do is give the black race a chunk of land in America…and make the lazy black man do what he HATES to do: provide for his own people, his own children (NO WHITE TAX BASE FOR THAT BLACK MAN). White people MUST force this on the black man. The American black man is still a child.
He wants a nipple to suckle on. White people MUST make him leave…and provide for his own people. I long for that day i.e. prying the white man’s nipple out of his whining, loud mouth.
Teacher of Truth Reply
October 31, 2013 at 4:19 pm
If you give african american people land they will prosper just like they worked the land for white people they will work it for themselves. Your persepctive is only based on what you have seen from black people that have lost hope because of the ills of society in the last 20 years.
You are basing your statements on what you have observed from your limited experiences. You need to study and talk to working african american people . You summing up african americans from this perspective is like them summing up white people based on hill billies and KKKs.
You have a partial truth that generates your negative perspective. BTW please don’t say you watch tv and know all about african americans because tv is ran by those that only want to i*******e negativity toward african americans.
Auset Reply
October 31, 2013 at 5:48 pm
All white people do is TAKE, TAKE, TAKE. You murdered the Native American people to take the land, you took Africans that you enslaved to support your lazy azzes and build the US economy, you continue to take the lands and resources of peoples of color around the world to live off of. You murdered millions of people to do so. Your presence on this land is a testimony to your TAKING. Where are the Native American people? What the h**l are you doing on this land anyway?
You go into Africa and TAKE the resources to enrich yourselves at the expense of Africans. You go into the Middle East and TAKE the resources (oil) to enrich yourselves and killed millions to do it. Black Americans had Black Wall Streets in the US and you dropped bombs on them and wiped them off of the map because you couldn’t stand to see Black people be independent and WEALTHY! You are colonizers. You go into other people’s lands and murder the inhabitants to TAKE the land and resources to enrich yourselves.
You are colonizers and imperialists and you are the biggest TAKERS on the planet. Now, you’ve got the planet so filthy with your global warming that you are destroying it for everybody. Your population is on the decline and that is the best thing that could ever happen. Maybe then, the Native Americans, the Africans, and all of the other peoples on the planet that you colonized will be able to recover.
Auset Reply
October 31, 2013 at 6:29 pm
Also, African nations are demanding reparations from white people going into their land, killing and TAKING, the Caribbean nations are demanding reparations from white people TAKING! LOL! If it wasn’t for the Moors who went into Europe and taught your ancestors how to be civilized (or attempted to teach your ancestors how to be civilied because you still don’t have it right) and how to clean up your own filth that you was dying from, you would not have survived –
just like how the Native Americans fed your behinds and you had a Thanksgiving over it. What did you do? You committed ******** on them and TOOK the land. Keeping you alive allowed you to come to power and the world would have been much better off if the Moors just let you drop. Billions of lives would have been saved, there would not have been an African Slave Trade, Native Americans would be alive and well, no colonization in Australia and Asia, the Tanzmanian people would still exist and the Earth would be doing well. You gotta pay for that shyt.
Rarejim Reply
October 29, 2013 at 12:00 am
Most of you simply want just want another check! You have been getting paid for the last 50 years.
Housing, food stamps, ADC, WIC, tax credits and a lot more, affirmative action, come on people we spend so much time with our hands out rather than our minds open, think about it, if each household was given $50k and all other welfare was stopped, the money would be gone by the weekend and 99 % would be worse off by Thanksgiving! We have received our share of the 15 Trillion dollars spent on the poor people who believe the government owe them something, rather than use their brain to make millions!
Your kids use Facebook instead of being the 19 year old who invented it! They play computer games instead of inventing them. 2500 of us dance, sing, play sports the rest talk a bad game! Just my opinion.
Devon Reply
October 29, 2013 at 9:19 am
Thumbs up @ your post!
Auset Reply
October 29, 2013 at 2:51 pm
For the sake of arguement, if reparations were to be awarded, I don’t think it should come in the form of cash. I think it should come in a form of land, resources, etc.
When we had our Black Wall Streets, we had our industries. We were wealthy and employed our own people. White people destroyed our Black Wall Streets, murdered thousands of Blacks and destroyed our economic independence and impovershed millions of us.
What happens when people are made to be poor? They need assistance. Affirmative Action is a form of CORRECTIVE action because of the crimes and discrimination held against Black people. Affirmative Action is not a form of reparations. In fact, the civil rights movement is a form of corrective action because of the crimes and discrimination the federal, state, local governments and civilians committed against Black citizens. The existance of these laws bears testimony to human rights violations against Black people.
Colonialism, imperialism, the SYSTEM of racism/*************** (human rights violations) are welfare systems created by white people for white people. What happened to Native Americans? How come they can’t exist on this land? Why do you think white people should be able to live off of the labor of our ancestors and inherit the bounty of our ancestor’s labor FOR FREE! Why should they get freebies? Why should they get to occupy stolen lands without paying THEIR way?
Not to mention the millions of people they murdered in the process of obtaining this wealth. I am tired of supporting THEM! And I am not worried about trying to keep the peace to not h**t the feelings of criminals.
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:58 pm
Will these reparations claims also be filed against African nations?
African King Apologizes for Africa?s Role in Slavery | Your Black World
jack johnson Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:09 pm
we do not need another polarizing issue that will go nowhere. one more problem to throw at the POTUS> I am both sad, frustrated and embarrassed by the plight of many of our black families. I am not going to lay down on this one and it needs to be said. I am saying this because I care and love all.
we need to stop looking to others to provide money or solutions. this is one more attempt to get a hand out for the price paid by our ancestors—not us! whats next money because our children speak slang ebonics, and not proper English. lets blame the school system and get some money.
Too many of us have squandered the opportunites avialable to all in this country, and in some cases more for us as blacks. yet many sit back and look for excuses and more hand outs, and more reasons to hate and blame white folks. many of us have become just as ugly as the whites once were and many still are in the deep south.
based on the per centage of population we still have the lowest in college grads (and trade schools); highest children borne out of wedlock; highest divorce; highest prison population; highest unemployment; highest welfare recepients, and when we don’t get our way we have tandrums and burn down our own city (how stupid).
Are these circumstances the result of our own indiviual choices?
We have way too many successful black people to blame the bad on others. Our ancestors have a different story, but not you and me.
stop looking for others to provide money or solutions. now is the time to break the cycle of so many of our failurs. Get involved in your kids education and teach accountability. Stop teaching everybody to hate and blame others for what people do to themselves. Stop following celebrities as leaders. choose role modes carefully. Stop seeing everything in terms of color, as it creates your own obstacle.
I am ready for the hate respones. bring it.
Devon Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:56 pm
Thank you Jack Johnson!!!!! You are the TRUE voice of reason and black empowerement!!
D!0NDR3 Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:46 pm
Me and u have not agreed on many issues but this 1 I agree with u 100% we do need 2 stop begn , like our names are Keith Sweat. Plus it will never ever happened the closest that this has/will come 2 reality is the skit from The Chappelle Show.
Pres.Obama will not put a task force 2gether 4 something K.K.Krackuz are not concerned with, rule #1 in AmeriK.K.Ka if it DOES NOT concern or BENEFIT White AmeriK.K.Ka it is NEVER up 4 discussion. I am not racist but I am a realist.
Which is Y America has laws like the Amber Alert to protect the ambers, megans, and beckys of AmeriK.K.Ka U will never hear of a LAW called the Yolanda or LaKeisha alert. We do have the ever popular “3 strikes Law” just 4 us though.
Now I would like a task force on the senseless murder/killing of African American males among US and the K.K.Kops who are suppose 2 serve and protect but that will NEVER EVER happen, just being real about the SHYIT.
Karol Hamm Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:59 am
No one is begging…pushing for a Human Rights Movement taking up where our Civil Rights fight left off. The 40 “somethings” are a dying breed and our generation should be the ones forging forward on this and I for one seem fit for the purpose.
Think what you may…signatures bind oneself to the Civil Action Suit.
We are not begging for signatures, either you will or will not. 40 million in the country alone…If you are of melanin, this entitles one to embrace the notion that others want to achieve a higher purpose, doubt is not allowed…for such a vision.
blacjk jones Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:58 am
Black folk will probably never receive reparation partly because of the so-called lovingly employed—which has nothing to do with the real issue of human abuse and slavery but everything to do with POWER greed and selfishness—GIVE BLACK FOLK THEIR DUE RESPECT and let the chips fall where they may—-
WE can lovingly help each like we did in my day—LOVE YALL and PEACE—Hold your heads up— your richness is in the unseen—stop begging for what you already have—connect with your church and community and don’t believe the HYPE—GREATNESS IS IN ALL PEACE!!!!!
blacjk jones Reply
October 28, 2013 at 12:19 pm
correction: each other
Ghana Gharvey Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:49 am
Africa Must Free Africa
[ Deuteronomy 28:68 ]
And the Lord shall bring Israel into Egypt again with ships and there Israel shall be sold to Israels enemies as slaves, and no man shall set Israel free; by the way of which I spoke to Israel , Israel shall see it no more.
Believe it or not, we Black African in the diaspora of countries like America, Brazil,The United Kingdom, the islands, even India (via The Islamic version of robbing Africa of its people), are descendants of the Israelites The Lord God said ( via his Prophet Moses ) we would suffer this fate; because of our stubbornest and refusal to stick with Lord God .
And speaking of those descendants, will we ever be free ? Recently & once again the World recognized Martin-Luther King Jr. . On April 3, 1968, hours before he was murdered, he said (talking strictly to his disenfranchised and scattered Africans ): .We as a People Will get to the Promised Land .
I believe that this was a prophecy of not only what would happen, but how it would happen. Going back to Deuteronomy 28:68 and adding it to MLK Jr.’s prophecy, here’s what I get:
a) No man shall set us free PLUS b) We As A People shall get to the Promised Land = [ We shall set ourselves free, when we choose to become whole again. ]
And how do we become whole again? By reclaiming our missing parts. What is stopping Africa from reclaiming its stolen people ?
I believe that the times are approaching for Africa’s redemption from: Poverty, Oppression, and Depression.
[Daniel 11:14 ]
And in those times there shall many nations come against the king of the south
(Great Britain BABYLON ):
ALSO the ROBBERS OF ISRAEL exalt themselves to establish the vision; BUT THE ROBBERS OF ISRAEL SHALL FALL !
Dewey Boyd Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:37 am
Why Not Reparations….?!
W Lyons Reply
October 30, 2013 at 2:27 pm
No person alive today had anything to do with slavery in America, which is why few non-Black Americans, and apparently even one Black President, believe America should pay reparations to living Americans who are, by and large, many generations away from the Africans and descendants of Africans who suffered under that terrible and inhuman institution.
However, since the 1960s the American government and many American churches and charities have put hundreds of billions of dollars into Black communities and created many racially-relevant laws. Corporate efforts to create a more inclusive workplace have given Black America more opportunity than ever to get a good job.
Has all evidence of racism been erased from the hearts of all men and women of all races – Black, White and Other? No, and that will not happen any time soon. Is the situation now where right-thinking people want it to be? No. But most Black Americans living in 1950s America would no doubt prefer to live in the America of the 21st century.
Significant improvement now depends at least as much on Black America as on the rest of America.
It’s time to move on from blaming slavery and racism for Black America’s ills. Black America needs to have a more encompassing conversation with itself and the rest of America to address why it is that too many Black Americans are so dysfunctional. Blaming slavery and racism are too easy, too much of a cliché to non-Black America.
So many Black Americans, many from difficult backgrounds and nearly all of whom can point to slave ancestors, have proven they are capable of achieving success in their lives, by whatever measure we could choose to define “success.” Most of the rest of America simply no longer believes the idea that Black America as a whole “will be much better off if you’ll just give us a lot more money.”
bishop omega Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:02 am
The 1503 Petition for Reparations for African Americans was delivered to the UN in 1994. Although it was received, it was not heard nor was it responded to by the UN.
PREFACE
We, the African descendants of slaves, the so-called African-American, the so-called Black American, the so-called *****, have never tasted of the “freedom” that so many millions of other members of the human family enjoy, safeguard and treasure.
We are the only people on this planet that have had to endure over four humdred (400) years of the most b****l, dehumanizing slavery the world has ever known. We continue to suffer to this day from the scars of that slavery and from institutions of racism in the United States of America that deprive us of our “human rights.”
This historic Petition to the United Nations marks an end of one era and beginning of another. It marks the end of the struggle for liberty that many Black Americans have fought within the boundaries of the United States in an attempt to get our former slave masters to give us what we were born with, our human rights.
We, as a people, have survived the post-civil war when we were released from the physical chains and told to “go” with little or no assistance from the United States Government. We even survived the v*****t and frightening reign of terror of the Klu Klux **** and the White Citizens Councils. During the years of the Great Depression, we suffered the most.
During World War II, Black soldiers were placed on the front lines to defend a nation that inflicted insults of the worst kind upon them, their families and loved ones who sought to exercise their human rights in places of public accommodations and in the work place.
We have had many great leaders during this era–leaders who begged and pleaded to the government and to the white majority Americans, to do what is right and just. Among those, to name a few, have been: Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, and Booker T. Washington.
The push for civil rights in the sixties brought us into a period wherein we experienced an even more cruel fate. We were led to believe that integration would be a “cure-all” for our woes. With integration we were to be able to experience life in these United States as do the majority of white Americans. Several decades into this system of “forced assimilation” reveals that the “glass ceiling” will continue to block the majority of us from ever truly “arriving.”
Our great leaders–Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy–proponents of integration, did not intend to dedicate their life’s works to a system that would still manage to keep us under control. But under control we still are.
We have had several great leaders with the wisdom to see that in order to be truly free, we must be able to exercise ALL of the rights that citizens of other nations exercise. We must have the right to self-determination which includes the right to: decide our own destiny, study and perpetuate our own history, culture and languages; have real political power in determining and electing officials that will be able to protect rights and needs peculiar to African-Americans; and even to return to Mother Africa, with substance, in order to undo the damages of slavery. Among these leaders were W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.
We now are at the beginning of a new era wherein we now will take our struggle for true and complete freedom to the international community via the United Nations. Our leader in this areana is the Honorable Silis Muhammad, my husband, who has dedicated his life’s work in carrying out the mission of his leader and teacher,
the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. He is working day and night to enable African-Americans to sit down as equals with officials of the government of the United States in a forum governed by the United Nations, so that this government will have to answer for its systematic and continuous gross violations of our human rights protected under international law.
So great is his love for his people that he has placed his life on the line in order to ensure that African-Americans are afforded the right to self-determination, and to receive justice in the form of reparations. I, along with countless others, pledge, my love and loyalty to him in this great and historic endeavor! Those of us in this spiritual battle are warriors, and are reminded of the sayings of the prophet Isaiah:
“For every battle of the warrior is with
Confused noise and garments rolled in b***d;
But this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.
The Bible, Isaiah,
Chapter 9, Verse 5
Misshaki Muhammad
Attorney General of the
Lost-Found Nation of Islam
Atlanta, Georgia
Reparations Petition for United Nations assistance under
Resolution 1503 on behalf of African-Americans in the United States of America
Ref. N. G/SO 215/1 USA (266)
Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Palais des Nations
United Nations
CH-1211 Geneva
Switzerland
Re: The past and present gross violations of the human rights of the African-American people to self determination by means of official U.S. policies of slavery, segregation, and forced assimilation, and the refusal of the U.S. government to apologize and offer any compensation, or reparations for these violations.
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world;
Whereas both the fundamental rights of members of minorities to exist in equal status with the majority, as well as the historical oppression and resulting present inequality and circumstances of the African-Americans (descendants of the formerly enslaved Africans in the U.S.) are well known;
Keeping in mind that Articles 1 and 55 of the U.N. Charter specifically refer to the principle of self-determination; that one of the basic purposes of the U.N., according to Article 1(2) is to,…develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples …;”
that Article 55 explicitly ties the principle of self-determination to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all or part of its people; that the principle of self-determination is implicated in chapters XI, XII and XIII of the Charter, that in the years since 1945, the principle has found its way into both the International Covenants, the Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations,
the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the decisions of the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinions in the Namibia and Western Sahara cases, just as it has been upheld by the U.N. General Assembly in relation to numerous recently emerging eastern European nations; and that, although long applied only in the colonial context, it has increasingly been appealed to in the post-colonial age by minorities and secessionist movements to the extent that today legal scholars–even (as before suggested) the U.N. itself–have generally agreed that the principle of self-determination may well apply outside of the colonial context, though within strict limits;
Keeping in mind that Articles 1 and 55 of the Charter commit the U.N. to the promotion of universal respect for human rights and basic freedoms, while Article 56 gives member nations an obligation to act, jointly or separately, to achieve the purposes set out in Article 55–that is, Article 56 creates a duty to act to promote respect for rights and freedoms,; and that when the core human rights rooted in the principle of autonomy are grossly, systematically and persistently violated, U.N. intervention to end that violation is morally and legally permissible, since the principle of autonomy implies that government is only justifiable if the government and its policies are an expression of the self-determination of peoples;
Realizing that today there can be little doubt that nations which practice, encourage or condone activities such as ********, ethnocide, ****************, forced assimilation, systematic racial discrimination, etc, are in violation of international law;
Recognizing that of such violations, only those that are (1) persistent and (2) systematic will be sufficiently severe or gross as to justify U. N. involvement; and that violations are systematic if they are a part of a consistent pattern, or a matter of state policy (systematic violations include both overt governmental actions or covert but institutionalized practices, the effect of which is to regularly prevent the exercise of core rights, and are more than occasional, or of short duration (e.g., U.S.slavery, segregation, systemic racial discrimination);
Understanding that to be a people, a group of persons must not only subjectively see themselves as a single people, but also objectively be seen, through speech and action, to be participating or be able to participate in the creation or recreation of their own distinct social world.
Recognizing that the legal acceptability of self-determination outside of the colonial context also means making a distinction between external and internal self-determination; that is, limiting self-determination to minority rights as it has been interpreted under Article 27 of the ICCPR, and evolved in customary international law;
Recognizing that just as a gross systemic and persistent denial of human rights is a violation of international law, calling forth the right to international assistance, the violation of the human right to internal self-determination and reparations as permitted in minority rights–that is the concentration of all the power of a multi-national state in the hands of a single group within it which acts to prevent other constituent peoples from realizing their own social, historical and cultural space–is equally a violation of international law, calling forth the right to receive U.N. assistance.
Any government or the agents and institutions of the government that, in principle, prevent the exercise of a people’s right to self-determination, and compensation for past and present gross violations, or any other minority rights, may be regarded as illegitimate in the eyes of that people, and by international law in its application to that people, insofar as U.N. efforts to give a voice to the people is called for in principle.
Further recognizing, in regard to reparations for past gross violations, that the right to a remedy for victims of gross violation of human rights is well-established, and involves reparations, which include compensation, restitution or restoration. Concerning this fundamental international legal principle, the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled in the Chorzow Factory (indemnity) Case:
It is a principle of international law, and even a general conception of law, that any breach of an agreement invokes an obligation to make reparation…. reparation is the indispensable complement of a failure to apply a convention, and there is no necessity for this to be stated in the convention itself.
Drawing attention to the pertinence of a number of both universal and regional human rights instruments containing express provisions relating to the right to an “effective remedy” by competent national tribunals for acts violating human rights ( see Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Right).
The notion of an “effective remedy” is also included in Article 2(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and in Article 6 of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Some human rights instruments refer to a more particular “rights to be compensated in accordance with the law” or the “right to an adequate compensation.”
Even more specific are the provisions of Article 9(5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and of Article 5(5) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which refer to the “enforceable right to compensation.” Similarly, the Convention Against t*****e and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment contains a provision providing for the t*****e victim a redress and “an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.”
In some instruments, a specific provision is contained indicating that compensation is due in accordance with law or with national law. Equally, provisions relating to “reparation” or “satisfaction” of damages are contained in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Article 6, which provides for the right to seek “just and adequate reparation or satisfaction for any damage suffered.” The ILO Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries also refers to “fair compensation for damages,” to “compensation in money” and “under appropriate guarantees.”
And all to full compensation “for any loss or injury.” The American Convention on Human Rights, to which the U.S. is a party, speaks of “compensatory damages” (Article 68) and provides that the consequences of the measure or situation that constituted the breach of the right or freedom “be remedied” and the “fair compensation be paid to the injured party.”
The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a provision to the effect that states Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote “physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim…” In short, numerous human rights instruments provide strong evidence that the right to remedy is an established obligation where states’ action or failure to act result in damages.
Bearing in mind, concerning the issue as to whether the internationally accepted obligation to remedy is applicable to damages suffered by minorities due to past gross violation of human rights, that Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 provides our first useful guidance as to victims rights to reparation. The resolution mentions in its first preambular paragraph “individuals, groups and communities”. This supports our assumption that the right to remedy deals with minorities as well as individuals.
That minorities are included is also confirmed in Sub-Commission resolution 1988/11 of 1 September 1988 which, in its first operative paragraph, refers to “victims”, either individually or collectively.” Another indication regarding the categories of victims is the repeated reference in Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 to “gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Under most international legal instruments dealing with individual rights, the violation of any one provision may entail a right to an appropriate remedy, while instruments concerned with the rights of minorities to Compensation focus on gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Drawing particular attention to the fact that according to the domestic law of the U.S. itself (Third Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United State), a state violates international law if, as a matter of State policy, it practices, encourages or condones:
(a) ********
(b) slavery or slave trade
(c) the murder or causing the disappearance of individuals
(d) t*****e or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
(e) prolonged arbitrary detention
(f) systematize racial discrimination, or
(g) a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights.
Affirming the general recognition that victims who are entitled to compensation–and this may also include their descendants or survivors–have suffered substantial damages and harm. This interpretation is reflected in the first preambular paragraph of Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 which refers to “substantial damages and acute sufferings.” In this regard the notion of “victims” spelled out in paragraph 18 of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, should be taken into account. The paragraphs reads in part:
“Victims means persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that …constitute violations… of internationally recognized norms relating to human rights.)
And further recognizing that for the many African-Americans whose ancestors were victims of gross violations, passage of time has no attenuating effect, but on the contrary has increased post-traumatic stress, deteriorated social, material, etc., conditions requiring all necessary special rights as well as compensation and rehabilitation measures.
We may conclude that as long as the effects of past gross violation and resulting damage can be demonstrated as the cause of present developmental problems, it would be difficult to produce an acceptable argument for statutory limitations since that would amount to the denial of the fundamental human right to a remedy for past injustices. Therefore, in concern for future generations and our search for an end to war and violence, we must uphold human rights for African-Americans, because in this era of scattered low-intensity v*****t conflicts, only justice can effectively supersede war.
Remembering that the Permanent Court of International Justice establishes the basic principles governing remedy for breaches of international obligation, stating:
The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act–a principle which seems to be established by international practice and in particular by the decisions of arbitral tribunals–is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed, if that act had not been committed.
Restitution in kind or, if this is not possible, payment of sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear, the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it–such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.
In full consideration of all of the above, we believe that the African-American people suffer from gross, systematic and persistent violation of their human rights, particularly their right to self-determination and right to remedy for past and ongoing gross human rights violation, and therefore the following petition is prepared by The Lost-Found Nation of Islam, on behalf of African-Americans, to call forth the assistance of the U.N. and the international community:
Dear Mr. Boutros-Boutros Ghali and Members of the Sub-Commission:
(Fatma Zahra, Farida Alouaze, Ahmed Khalifa, Ahmed Khalil, Fisseha Yirner, Hailma Embarek Wazazi, Judith Sell Attah, El Hadji Guisse’, Said Maceur Ramadhane, Tofazzol Hassain Khan, Jin Tian, Muksum-Ul-Hakim, Ribat Hatano, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, Ioan Maxim, Stanislav Valentinovich Chernnichenko, Volodymyr Boutkevitch, Leandro Despouy, Giberto Vergre Saboia, Clemencai Forero Ucros, Miguel Alfonso Martinez, Claude Heller, Marc Bossuyt, Louis Joint, Erica-Irene A. Daes, Asbjorn Eide, Claire Palley, and Linda Chavez)
The Lost-Found Nation of Islam (hereinafter referred to as The Nation of Islam), under the leadership and guidance of the Honorable Silis Muhammad, on behalf of its members and all other descendants of enslaved Africans in America, takes this opportunity to congratulate and thank the Working Group of the Sub-Commission and those members who voted to accept for consideration the IHRAAM Petition of 30 April 1992 concerning Los Angeles motorist Rodney King,
In the context of past and present gross violations of human rights of African-Americans in the U.S. Although the petition was narrowly defeated in the Sub-Commission, the Nation of Islam was delighted to see that, so shortly after the show of international concern by the Working Group and many members of the Sub-Commission, the U.S. saw fit to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to bring a new black Ambassador to the U.N., to find new legal grounds to retry the police involved in the cruel and callous beating of the African-American motorist, Rodney King, and to effectively prosecute the Detroit police (See Appendix A) for the murder of an African American, Malice Green.
While it cannot be directly linked, some African-American organizations, such as those represented by The Nation of Islam or cooperating actively with The Nation of Islam feel that the concern shown by the Sub-Commission may have been instrumental in securing a fair verdict in the King and Green trials, which thus discouraged new rounds of violence, loss of life, and property damage. If this is true, the U.S. government and all Americans should be thankful to the Sub-Commission for showing the degree of concern it did.
However, while it is likely that national and international opinion probably encouraged the jury conviction of the officers in the King trial, the minimal sentence of 30 months that Judge Davies imposed upon them, his refusal to impose any fines (where $250,000.00 in fines had been pending), and his assignment of part of the blame to the victim, Mr. King, for the treatment that he endured, all indicate that the historic difficulty of African-Americans in obtaining justice through U.S. courts persists.
(See Derrick Bell for a listing of major cases in which African-American interest was surrendered to that of the Anglo-American majority, Appendix B; also see Aviam Soifer and Kathleen M. Sullivan for restrictions placed upon justiciable discrimination by recent rulings in U.S. Courts, Appendix C).
Dear Members of the Sub-Commission,
In situations of historical gross violations of human rights without reparations or compensation, the individual cases are only single manifestations of the larger phenomenon of general disrespect for the human rights of a formerly enslaved, powerless, dominated and exploited minority. As you know, the history of Africans in America began with the capture and forced emigration of African populations. During the “middle voyage” to America and the enslavement which awaited survivors, millions met their deaths.
While scholars estimate that some 15 million Africans were landed alive on North America, estimates of the numbers lost or killed in the slave trade have ranged as high as 100 million souls. The social fabric of an entire civilization was rent and destroyed in the process. The African population did not ask to come to America–their arrival was purely involuntary and against their will, and for the purpose of exploitation of their labor (See The African Slave Trade, Appendix D).
In order to justify the enormity of this crime against humanity, the Anglo-American government, slave masters, and majority population were forced to attempt to regard the African population as mere property and less than human. This entailed a refusal to admit their cultures, and effort to destroy their social habits and the long and rich traditions which they carried with them from the land of their birth, by labeling these barbaric and heathen.
For example, any African caught practicing Islam was mercilessly t******d, killed, or forced to go into hiding. The use of African names and African languages was widely prohibited. The official U.S. policy of forced assimilation (referred to in the U.S. as “integration,” despite its incongruousness with customary usage of that term) actually began during the enslavement period with the concerted efforts to stamp out any use or recognition of the African cultural heritage in America. This aspect of official policy was to be sufficiently successful in the areas of language and religion as to produce, from the many African cultures, a new one: African-Americans.
Subsequent to the Civil War, American citizenship was conferred upon the descendants of the enslaved Africans without any pretense of democratic consultation. While the government of Abraham Lincoln made numerous promises in order to secure the effective African-American support against the forces of the southern Confederacy, these promises were only briefly instituted in the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. Shortly thereafter, African-Americans were forced into a system of “separate” but equal segregation, which they rejected insofar as the “separate’ was not self-administered, and the “equal” was not equally resourced.
In short, “separate” meant political, cultural and economic domination with segregation. During this period, they struggled against discriminatory Jim Crow laws, which limited their participation in society at every conceivable level, including use of public lavatories, and seating in public transportation. Ironically, it was during this period of segregation that the recognition of African-American ethnic difference formed a theoretical cornerstone of the Anglo-American government’s justification of the policy of apartheid, even though the government had no intention of providing minority rights, or the right to be different, in any egalitarian sense.
The official policy of “separate but equal” in reality was intended to serve a societal opiate to contain African-American revolt, and secure co-operation; it did not provide for any significant economic or political equality or autonomy. However, the separate but equal period, like the period preceding it, permitted, or was unable to prevent, the welding of separate African traditions into what became a distinct and recognizable African-American culture, demonstrable in lifestyle, music, cuisine, dress, language, dance, religious practice, socio-political organization, and a wide range of distinct cultural attributes which distinguish the African-American people from the majority population–even though the eventual commercialization and distortion of much of African-Americans’ cultural products did much to disguise the unique nature of the culture.
The policy of forced assimilation moved toward a final stage in the 1960′s, following the massive struggle by the African-American community against a system of “separate but equal” which they realized was, in practice, a system of subordination and oppression. This system, which had permitted some degrees of institutionalization of a range of educational and socio-cultural activity within the African-American community, was swept away by the popular demand for “freedom” and “equality”, without any analysis of exactly what these concepts should mean, in terms of politico-legal and social institutions (e.g., a range of constitutional-legal options which might have permitted the African-American minority varying degrees of self-administration under terms of political and socio-economic equality).
The abolition of separate legal systems pertaining to African-Americans and their replacement by official policies of equality before the law–the same rights for all, regardless, and non-discrimination–was never presented to the African-American people in terms of the possibility of other options apart from forced assimilation.
Their recent widespread self-designation as “African-Americans,” and the pervasive efforts to recover and promote the African attributes underpinning their culture, demonstrates that, far from wishing to assimilate, African-Americans are continuing to engage in the last aspect required for full retrieval of their full humanity: the right to a collective identity.
This struggle has been a long one, representing over 400 years of resistance and uprisings (See Appendix E) against a long toll of repression, t*****e, duplicity, lynching and murder (See Appendix F) political intimidation, harassment and disruption (See Appendix G), and forced cultural assimilation (ethnocide), with neither apology or compensation. That this struggle is finally reaching its culminating stages is evidenced by the submission of this Petition to the United Nations,
Which constitutes the African-American demand for international inquiry into its long history of gross human rights violations, and remedy in the form of self-determination, reparations, and institution of minority rights, which given the historical precedents, may require significant degree of (internal) self-determination.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission,
The effects of the long history of gross violation of human rights endured by African-Americans as a result of official U.S. policies of enslavement, segregation and forced assimilation is fully demonstrated by the malaise in which the African-American community exists today–in its disproportionately negative standing in all indicators of social well-being (See Appendix H). a few examples here will suffice:
* “The U.S. Imprisons Black Men at 4 Times S. Africa’s Rate” (headline, L.A. Times, Jan. 5, 1991)
* “White Families Wealth Put at 10 Times Blacks” (headline, L.A. Times, Jan. 11, 1991)
* “If the United States were divided into three countries based on race, the white population would rank No. 1, ahead of Japan, while black Americans would fall to 31st spot, alongside Trinidad and Tobago.” U.N. 1993 Human Development Report cited in The Globe and Mail, May 18, 1993.
* The Environmental Protection Agency of the federal government, probing bias in placement of toxic waster, cites black communities (Alabama, Mississippi, Los Angeles) allegations that toxic waste dumps and industrial waste dumps are placed in African-American communities in a discriminating manner (Jet, December 20, 1993, p. 37).
* Bill Cosby’s attack on the constant portrayal of blacks in the major TV and movie media as comics (CNN, November 19, 1993), etc.
Individual manifestations of the general phenomenon will continue as confirmation of the general disrespect for the human rights of the formerly enslaved minority, until the phenomenon itself can be eliminated or neutralized–which cannot occur, The Nation of Islam feels and historical evidence substantiates (see Appendix H), until African-Americans are able to exercise their right to self-determination and receive reparations for past and on-going gross human rights violations.
The Nation of Islam and most African-Americans believe that this will require third party intervention, such as the U.N. Sub-Commission’s willingness to provide the political, legal and conceptual leverage, the fora and the legal framework required by the oppressed formerly enslaved minority to convince the U.S. government to open a sincere dialogue on the inalienable human rights of the minority to lawfully demand self-determination with reparations for past and on-going gross human rights violations–chiefly, the receipt of compensation for past and on-going gross violation to the full extent necessary to achieve self-determination and minority rights as provided by Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the U.S. has ratified.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission:
The U.S. government, in line with the U.S. Courts, continues to promote forced assimilation through the concept that all minority needs and rights can be subsumed within the concept of non-discrimination and equality (or sameness) before the law–this despite the fact that historical evidence strongly contradicts such a notion, and that judicial enforcement of non-discrimination in the U.S. has become formal and de-contextualized, disallowing appropriate consideration for historical injustices and present special needs. The courts further restrict satisfaction by requiring “intent to discriminate,” and refusing consideration to those who are not “immediate victims” (See Soifer and Sullivan, Appendix 3)
The rectification of profound damages caused by past and present U.S. systemic discrimination against and gross violation of the human rights of African-Americans cannot occur until African-Americans are able to exercise their minority rights. All statistical evidence (Appendix H) indicates that a policy of non-discrimination alone is insufficient to permit the African-American minority to achieve equal status with the majority, but rather, under the guise of aiding them, serves to continue their victimization.
While a multi-national state may argue that treating all people (majority as well as formerly enslaved minority) the same, legally and institutionally, regardless of their different histories and circumstances, somehow leads to a new society in which oppressed or formerly enslaved minorities, at some time in the future, will achieve equal-status, sameness or equality with the majority, this line of reasoning more frequently serves merely to justify or mask majority domination, and often exploitation, of national minorities.
Even the most superficial analysis reveals that treating such minorities as if they were the same as the majority in a majority-ruled multi-national society does not permit minority needs to be legitimately known or expressed, let alone addressed. Practically every multi-national society since the dawn of written history tried some version of this notion without succeeding, usually with the implicit intention of maintaining the domination of the minority group.
That is why every U.N. study on minorities, such as those of Cruz, Capotorit, Eide, Calley, Daes, etc., discovered that non-discrimination may not be enough, and special measures or special rights are often required by Article 2:2 in conjunction with Article 27 of the ICCPR to achieve equal status for national minorities. These special rights often include various forms of autonomy (self-determination) such as that requested during a thirty-five (35) year period for African Americans by the Honorable Elijah Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam.
In relation to this issue, Karel Vasak suggested in the International Dimension of Human Rights that without self-determination, (internal and external) all other rights become meaningless. Similarly, unless African-Americans are accorded appropriate forms of internal self-determination, it may not be possible for them to experience their human rights. Further, without appropriate enablement (reparations) provided over time to financially facilitate the development required to exercise self-determination, to facilitate the establishment of minority policies and institutions, the right to experience human rights will not be achieved.
Mr. Secretary-General and Sub-Commission Members,
The United States has refused to respond adequately to its obligation to provide African-Americans with either minority rights (which may require varying degrees of internal self-determination) or compensation for past gross human rights violations.
A current example of refusal of the U.S. government to address these two related issues is the case of Lani Guinier, who was nominated as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights with the support of the African-American community. Ms. Guinier’s modest proposal of “modified at-large voting,” described by some as “an eloquent plea against electoral quotas,” nonetheless created a furor in the business community, which vilified it as representing a form of affirmative action (See Appendix I). Ms. Guinier’s nomination was then rescinded by President Bill Clinton, despite the pertinence of the following issues:
1) The right of African-Americans to effective participation in the democratic process is provided for in Articles 2:2, 2:3 and 5 of the U. N. Declaration on the Rights of National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, which is widely viewed as a further elaboration of the rights of minorities provided for in Article 27 of the International covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The American electoral system is so structured as to prevent African-Americans from having anything to say about their elected leadership. Under this system, they are discouraged from democratically electing the leadership of their community.
They must always leave the election of their community leaders in the control of the Anglo-American majority. The principle of majority rule is used on the federal and state levels, rather than any of a number of systems of proportional representation, widely recognized for their capacity to reelect minority interest. On the municipal level, the “at large” voting system which has largely replaced the Ward system in American cities has been employed to effectively reduce African-American electoral influence. There are no special institutionalized procedures for democratic determination or effective exercise of African-American opinion.
2) The right to affirmative action (special measures) was provided for explicitly by Article 2:2 and implicitly by Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), as well as by Articles 1:4 and 2:2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and 4:2 of the Declaration on Minorities. In addition to its ratification of the ICCPR, the U. S. is also guided by the Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the U. S., which details it obligations to observe treaty and customary international law.
The willingness of the highest executive authority in the United States, President Clinton, to respond to putative fears of affirmative action rather than uphold it in accordance with his international-legal obligations under the ICCPR constitutes yet another indication of U.S. policymakers’ historic tendency to block initiatives arising from the African-American community to address their political and socio-economic interest, in favor of the interest of powerful sectors of the dominant majority (See Y.N. Kly, International Law and the Black Minority in the U.S., 1985).
Indeed, it is a refusal to permit African-Americans to experience a democratic process in the choice of their leaders and/or their community policies, if these leaders or policies do not accord with the interest of the Anglo-American majority–even if the majority’s interest involves enslavement or apartheid (segregation) for the African-American, as it admittedly has in the past, or absorption into the American “underclass” through the processes of forced assimilation, which is primarily the U.S. policy regarding African-Americans in the present. Following this historical pattern, certainly the day after tomorrow for African-Americans will be the same as the day before yesterday.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission,
American jurisprudence, like that of most states, recognizes the right of victims to remedy. It has generally acknowledged that individuals may be entitled to compensation for the effects of actions wrongfully undertaken even before those harmed were born.
Furthermore, such acknowledgement has occurred not only on an individual basis, but on a collective basis. When the U. S. Congress has exercised its authority under Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment and Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment–Amendments whose original intent was for the protection of formerly enslaved African-Americans–it has done so to protect groups or classes of persons, not to serve individual interests. The Congress is addressing the institution and legacy of slavery as an ancient wrong and redressing grievances of those presently affected by establishing modern rights.
U. S. Recognition of the collective right to remedy is reflected in the U.S. payment of reparations to the Sioux of South Dakota (1985), the Seminoles of Florida (1985), the Ottawas of Michigan (1986) and Japanese Americans (1990).
A similar recognition exists in the international community, where we note the payment of reparations to the Jewish people by Germany in 1952, to Japanese Canadians by Canada in 1988, and to Holocaust survivors by Austria in 1990.
Concerning the right to reparations for gross human rights violations of African-Americans, the Nation of Islam challenges the hypocritical manipulation of affirmative action by the U.S. government which:
a) seeks to represent those affirmative action programs which it instituted subsequent to the African-American insurrections of the 1960′s as compensation for past gross human rights violations of African-Americans through official policies of enslavement and segregation, while at the same time failing to officially admit to and apologize for such policies;
b) purports to be the sole determinant of what such compensations should be–i.e., to offer compensation for grievances without any consultation or negotiation with the descendants of the African-American victims, whose communities continue to suffer from the malaise engendered by such policies, as to their preferred mode of compensation.
c) having decided to compensate the African-Americans without officially consulting them, apologizing or admitting wrong-doing, the U.S. majority’s institutions then proceed to unilaterally rescind and dismantle affirmative action, the very mode of reparations that the U.S. credits itself for having offered as a remedy.
Mr. Secretary-General and Sub-Commission Members,
The above demonstrates a callous and grotesque disregard for the inherent human rights and human dignity of African-Americans. In terms of the exhaustion of domestic remedy, President Bill Clinton’s withdrawal of Lani Guiniers’s nomination as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights represents yet one more instance of the U.S. government’s refusal to respond to continuing efforts on the part of African-Americans to achieve redress for past and on-going gross violations of human rights (see list of attempts, Appendix J). Concurrent with and responding to the failure of domestic efforts, African-Americans have addressed their grievances to the international community for decades (see list of precious initiatives, Appendix K).
The forwarding of the April 30, 1992 IHRAAM Petition to the U.N. Sub-Commission by its Working Group, marked the first successful attempt to achieve U.N. acceptance and consideration of such a communication addressing the question of past and on-going gross violations of African-Americans rights.
That the U.S., in that instance, missed U.N. condemnation by only one vote, provides an indication of the high measure of agreement felt by the international community with regard to the arguments and charges expressed therein. However, U.N. consideration of the IHRAAM Petition is not enough. The Nation of Islam puts forward this Petition as a demand for action on African-American grievances by the Sub-Commission. Its failure to act appropriately will give the wrong message to the African-Americans, to the U.S. and to the world.
The U.S. government should not be given the tacit approval of the U.N. to continue to ignore past gross violations without compensation, nor to continue present gross violations against its national minorities. Surely, Members of the Sub-Commission, it is not your position nor that of the U.N., while situated in New York and surrounded by more than one million oppressed national minority members, to ignore their desperate plight, and at the same time assist U.S. human rights efforts in other countries.
Surely, Mr. Secretary General and Sub-Commission Members, your position and that of the U.N. cannot be that in the U.S. only “white Americans” have internationally protected human rights, and that what is done to African-Americans does not count. The Nation of Islam is sure that this is not your position, nor that of the U.N.
Therefore:
In the name of African-American people, who are in full possession of their inherent human rights, the Nation of Islam calls upon the U.N. to intervene in favor of a sincere dialogue on the issues of reparations and self determination, and to act as a third party in setting up the situation wherein such a dialogue can occur.
The African-American people do not believe that an honest, truly useful and equitable solution can be achieved without a significant degree of U. N. assistance. African-American history is filled with attempts at trying to achieve a sincere dialogue with the majority Government. All attempts to achieve domestic remedies have failed.
In 400 years, African-Americans have not even come close to achieving equal-status relations with the Anglo-American majority ethnarchy which controls and runs the U.S. government as it sees fit, claims and distributes socio-economic resources as it sees fit, and ignores the human rights of African-Americans when it sees fit, etc.
Now African-Americans want their human rights, demands for equal status, self determination, and compensation for past and on-going gross violations to be heard and redressed, and are requesting U.N. assistance. This can be accomplished by observers being sent to the U.S., by an investigtive committee, by a special rapporteur’s investigation, by the opening of a forum at the U.N. wherein any and all sectors of the African-American community
and the U.S. government will be able, without fear of retaliation, to express their grievances on the issues of self-determination and reparation for past and on-going gross violations of their human rights, and seek U. N. assistance in defining and resolving the crisis in this relation which has proved so destructive, not just to African-Americans, but to America as a whole. In this endeavor, the U.N. can expect the full coopertion and assistance of the Nation of Islam, and the vast majority of other African-American groups and individuals.
Members of the Sub-Commission:
African-Americans demand only those remedies that have been afforded to all other peoples or minorities, including the the indigenous peoples and minorities of most developed countries. If the U.S. government is sincere about dealing honestly and candidly with human rights problems of its African-American population, then it should not object to this time-honored process of third party (U.N.) assistance, mediation, conciliation or arbitration.
The Nation of Islam recalls:
At the beginning of their history in America, the enslaved Africans brought to America were defined in the same terms as the cattle belonging to the Anglo-American rulers. Thus, they were educated and socialized to accept that only the Anglo-American government could deal with their oppression. However convenient it was for the U.S. rulers, that time is now passe’. The African-American national minority is now emerging from the period of political domestification.
It is only normal that it now begins, in addition to looking towards the majority government, to look towards the U.N. and the international community for technical, political and economic assistance. The U.N. cannot continue to ignore the oppression of national minorities in its host country, and still maintain it’s human rights credibility in the World.
The Nation of Islam salutes you, Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission, and looks forward to a prompt reply. The African-American people continue to suffer as they have over the past 400 years of their unending struggle in the U.S. (See Appendix E) against gross human rights violations.
The Nation of Islam request U.N. attention to this on-going problem of gross violations of the human rights of African-Americans without apology and compensation and in particular, to the present flagrant violation of the rights of African-Americans to special measures or affirmative action, which is viewed with such fear and rejection in the U.S. as to occasion the withdrawal of the nomination of Lani Guinier as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights.
The Nation of Islam recommends the opening of a forum (perhaps under the auspices of the Sub-Commission), similar to the one opened for Aboriginal peoples in Geneva so that African-American human rights grievances that form the basis of the present petition can be expressed, systematically and officially recorded, evaluated and remedied.
To achieve this hearing, the Nation of Islam looks forward to cooperation with the U.N. and the U.S. goernment to facilitate the success of an appropriate forum.
Sincerely,
__________________________________
Silis Muhammad
Chief Executive Officer of
The Lost-Found Nation of Islam
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Detroit d***h of a black motorist
“Detroit’s b****l Lessons,” Newsweek, November 30, 1992
“Cops on Trial,” Time, November 30, 1982
“Ex-Officers in Detroit Guilty in Beating d***h of Motorist,” New York Times, August 24th, 1992
APPENDIX B: Historical Judicial Bias in U.S. Courts
Excerpts from Y. N. Kly, The Anti-Social Contract, Clarity Press, Atlanta, 1989
APPENDIX C: Contemporary Status of Civil Rights/Non-Discrimination in U. S. Courts
“The Court, Still Haggling Over Rights, “New York Times, June 14, 1989
“A Changed Court Revises Rules on Civil Rights,” New York Times, June 18, 1989
Excerpts from “On Being Overly Discreet and Insular: Involuntary Groups and the Anglo-American Judicial Tradition,” by Aviam Soifer, Dean of Law, Boston College, in The Protection of Minorities and Human Rights, ed. Yoram Dinstein and Mala Tabory, 1992
Excerpts from “Sins of Discrimination: Last Term’s Affirmative Action Cases”, by Kathleen M. Sullivan, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, in Harvard Law Review; Vol. 100, No 1, Nov. 86
APPENDIX D: History of Slavery
“The African Slave Trade,” National Geographic, September, 1992
APPENDIX E: African-American Resistance
“Chronology of U. S. Slave Rebellions and Conspiracies, 1663-1863,” The ***** Almanac: A Reference Work on the African-American, 5th Edition. Compiled edited by Perry A. Plooskie and James Williams, Gale Research Inc., Detroit, 1989
Excerpts from the presentation of the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement before an African-American Community Hearing on Human Rights Violations, June 7-10, 1990
APPENDIX F: Evidence of Murder, t*****e and Violence Against African-Americans
Chapter titled “The Evidence,” from We Charge ********, 1960
Excerpts from Communication to the U. N. Commission on Human Rights titled “Human Rights Violations by the Police Against Blacks in the U. S. A.”, submitted by A. Ray McCoy, June 10, 1982 and June 29, 1983. Document prepared by the Coalition Against Police Abuse, Los Angeles
APPENDIX G: Documentation of U. S. Government’s Political Intimidation and harrassment of African-American Leadership and Population
“Well, Not So Extraordinary: Spy Networks II,” The Nation, May 3, 1993
Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-46, Zbigniew Brezinski, Carter Administration, 1978
“Amnesty Int’l target racist use of d***h penalty”, Workers World, April 26, 1987
Letter re Operation Weed and Seed, American Civil Liberties Union of Washington, March 26, 1992
APPENDIX H: Indices of African-American Inequality
“U. S. Imprisons Black Men at 4 times S. Africa’s Rate”, L. A. Times, January 5, 1991
“Anger Over Racism is Seen as a Cause of Blacks High b***d Pressure”, New York Times, April 24, 1990
“White Families’ Wealth Put at 10 Times Blacks”, L. A. Times, January 11, 1991
“The d***h Gap: Life expectancy for blacks decreases to 69.2 but stands at 75.6 for whites”
Disproportionality of African-American Involvement in the Criminal Justice System
Statistical and other citations, The ***** Almanac: A Reference Work on the African-American, 5th Edition. Compiled and edited by Perry A. Plooskie and James Williams, Gale Research Inc., Detroit, 1989, (67 pages)
APPENDIX I: The Guinier Nomination
NAACP Bulletin, July 30, 1993
Compilation of articles from The New York Times
“Getting Guinier”, The Nation, May 31, 1993
“The Voting Rights Act: A Troubled Past,” Newsweek, June 14, 1993
“Withdraw Guinier,” The New Republic, June 14, 1993
“The Turning”, The New Republic, June 28, 1993
“Clinton’s Drift Left on Civil Rights has Business Edgy,” Business Week; May 31, 1993
APPENDIX J: African-American Efforts to Achieve Domestic Remedy
APPENDIX K: African-American Initiatives to the International Community
SP00KYM0NKEY Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:17 am
whats all that Nl663R babble ?
jj Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:13 pm
sombody please tell the good bishop this is a blog site where brevity is the goal.
jj Reply
October 28, 2013 at 8:15 pm
Dear sir, Islam is not a nation. one of your many false claims. Do you think we would have more equal opportunities in an Islamic country? of course you are a proponent of this reparations as you are with anything to polarize and cause conflict to destroy our country.
shield Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:20 am
The POTUS has no power the people that funded him does so guess what? reparations is not going down. Why you ask or better yet why the Japanese got theirs? because they are not the part of the tribes that the most high made his covenant with. That is the reason why every single time we turn around there is some type of attack on our people, and yes that includes some of our people that has sold out.
shield Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:16 am
Isaiah 14:21 Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers; that they do not rise, posses the land nor fill the face of the world with cites. This is clear the reason for the anger of coontube is the fact white america is falling from their economic stronghold. They are becoming impoverish, tough times are becoming them, and they do not know how to react, case in point coontube. They thought they would not be held accountable for their foreparents transgressions.
This is what happens when you allow the powers that is to destroy a people, now they have everything they need and now the Caucasians are being sacrifice as well. All praises to the most high for the wars in the earth that are releasing our people.
Devon Reply
October 27, 2013 at 11:36 pm
Wake up black people there won’t be any reparations for us! Stop begging, please! We weren’t slaves and worked in cotton fields, our ancestors are long gone, so forget it. Better yourselves get an education, get married, raise your kids in two parent household and make sure you save money for your kids’ education.
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:06 pm
That is the only way forward.
Harold Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:30 pm
I have looked at both sides of this argument and ended with two questions. What was the law at the time? Was the law violated? We have to keep in mind that we were not viewed as humans. So, the only payment I see as owed under the law is the value of 40 acres and a mule. That was promised and served as a verbal contract.
John Jerry Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:50 pm
Will we get our money back from the African kings and leaders who sold us the slaves?
raye Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:31 pm
Surely those who fought and died to maintain slavery, specifically liberal/confederate/democrats will indeed agree that they should pay. r
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:07 pm
But those people are no longer alive.
Rev. George Brooks Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:03 pm
What on earth is Ali Bey and some of the others talking about on this issue??? I’m 75 and my great-grnd-parents were SLAVES right here in Tennessee, and this racist whites were NOT in Europe. And I don’t give a hoot where they came from, or when or where slavery started,
FOR MY father and mother’s fathers and mother, great uncles, aunts, great-great just going back to the early 1800s WERE SLAVES, right here. So what kind of thinking is this? Or is this simply some crackers pertaining that they are some of these “fake black Muslims” in this country, whom the REAL Muslims of the Middle East laugh at.
And I won’t go too deep into this, because I have many of whom I respect and are close to OUT IN CALIFORNIA, where I use to live. But I will say this, that even Brother Elijah Muhammad was not followed by one or two of his sons, because he was following a fake Muslim from Detroit that they even called MASTER. Remember? Which I detest, but still respect all of them, but don’t mess with my reparations, Brother Ali Bey. So don’t you apply, but don’t try to influence us with your stuff that you are talking about. There were plenty slaves in America, and it matter not where the **********s came from who enslaved and made money off of. The descendants of those enslaved need to be the recipients of REPARATIONS. — Rev. George Brooks
Goosebumps Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:48 pm
Preach, Ronald! All the food stamps, ebt cards, housing, section 8 and other things Ali Bey mentioned, only scrapes the tip of the iceberg, compared to hundreds years of free labor to this country by millions of black slaves. What about their medical bills? Dental? They are included as well.
So this so called pay back didn’t really start until late into the 1900. So he need to re-due his math, because it’s kind of fuzzy if you ask me. (George Bush) Is he not taking his medication…once again. Not only that, white people get the same thing as black people of today. I don’t recall any of them being enslaved.
Goosebumps
Ty Gray-EL Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:44 pm
It is a terribly tangled web that’s been weaved and will take a great deal of untangling to figure things out. But the petitioner is right, America does owe it’s wealth and prosperity to the descendants of African who were enslaved by the European nations who formed these United States.
America could not enjoy the prosperity it does today without the free labor of those enslaved. I understand that there are a lot of issues with respect to nationality; who, what and how would reparations be implemented. Just because there are complications does not mean we should give up on the procedure. There are complications associated with repairing those suffering from cancer but that doesn’t stop us from seeking ways to make those reparations.
If this Christian nation would do the right thing and, If a servant is worthy of his hire, as it is written in 1 Timothy 5:18 then America should find a way to make REPARATIONS.
Goosebumps Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:29 pm
@COONtube…I can tell that you are trailer trash hiding somewhere in the mountains. NEWS FLASH: There are more white people on welfare than any other race! You can check it out by goggling it, that’s if your outdated computer can get a signal.
Ronald Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:03 pm
I don’t know what that Bey guy is trying to be so intelligent about in this matter,the ****,Germany’s,Koreans & every race on the face of this planet has received reparations from the US, I worked for Soviet **** that joked about the payments they received,America didn’t do anything with to the ****, ****** did & before people get on here talking about stupid undocumented c**p they should do their research. Black people against their will came here & built this country & were persecuted to the fullest extent,It’s idiots like this guy that keep us from advancing in the future, to many “*****PEANS”.
Facts Check Reply
October 27, 2013 at 3:22 pm
Ali Bey,
You make a good point, however, it doesn’t matter whether indigenous Africans were on Amexem (American) soil, prior to slavery. They got r****d, land stolen and ********d by the millions( alongside the so called Indians). Most importantly, many of them got thrown into slavery because of the color of their skin!
It doesn’t matter how it is tossed like a salad….DISENFRANCHISEMENT is DISENFRANCHISEMENT…which we all know continues today!
Lastly, I don’t think WHITEBAMA will change his mind! He already said he is against affirmative action, and reparations. Furthermore, he had the nerve to go to an HBCU’S in June and include in his speech: to GRADUATES MIND YOU; STOP WHINING! TAKE OFF YOUR BEDROOM SHOES, AND GET DOWN TO HARD WORK,
Really ??? Didn’t these graduates just achieve something, without bedroom slippers, whining?
AMAZING GRACE Reply
October 27, 2013 at 7:06 pm
That’s a fact. Obama certainly did say that to the graduates. And his administration has c*t funding to HBCU’!!!! So with all this information we had bet not hold our breathe, for he’s incapable of garnering reparations for African-American survivors of slavery.
Catlover Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:28 pm
@ Facts Check – Yes. It doesn’t matter whether the Black people enslaved were indigenous to this land or brought over on ships. I am a descendent of both and the US and all associated criminals need to pay for their crimes, theft and ********. Indigenous Blacks to this land also need to charge the United States with colonialism along with ******** because they colonized and continue to occupy our lands. This is a human rights violation as well. We need to put it before the World Court. Their presence here needs to be questioned and challenged!
C00Ntube Reply
October 27, 2013 at 9:37 am
more m0nkey whine.
as if yo lazy azzes dont collect enuf ebt and welfare already.
now go peel a banana boy.
you aint gettin S*!t
elrancho2 Reply
October 27, 2013 at 2:08 pm
I’m white and it’s people like you make us all look ignorant and evil. Just go play on a ***************** site where you can pretend that you are better than other people, when in fact, you have less value than a sewer rat.
Auset Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:12 pm
A colonizer like you is in no position to call anybody lazy. You invaded this land and continue to live off of it. Your ancestors murdered the indigenous peoples here, stole the wealth, enslaved people because they were too lazy to do their own work and continue to this day to reap the benefits of the labor, murder and rape of my ancestors.
You are a colonizer on this land and that means you are a criminal. You are trespassing. Colonialism is the white man’s welfare system. Go do your own work and live off of the fruits of your own labor instead of the labor, lands and resources of other people, Neanderthal parasite.
SP00KYM0NKEY Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:19 am
you truly are a du.mb azz.
grow a brain Nl663R , you have no clue what ur talking about about.
@auset
Auset Reply
October 28, 2013 at 4:53 pm
If the words are too big for you to understand, then get a dictionary. If you can’t handle that, put your thinking cap on, ask a first grade teacher to help you learn how to use a dictionary and help you with the big words.
Candee Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:02 am
Obama will NEVER touch this one!!! (Ha ha) .................................................. .............!
The movement is not a surprise, after Caribbean nations and other parts of the world have been demanding both official apologies for slavery, as well as financial compensation.
The petition was started by Jeff Savage, an activist who believes that it’s time that the United States address its past and the inequality which exists today as a result of past oppression.
“Let it be known, we are demanding that United States Congress hold Congressional Hearings and that a Task Force,
Or Commission, be formed for reparations for the descendants of Africans who were enslaved in the United States of America for centuries,” the petition begins.
The petition then goes on to state that the reparations are meant to “repair and to compensate, the people who were wronged.”
He points out that the United States, American corporations and millions of citizens alive today have benefited from hundreds of years of free labor.
Much of the wealth in the United States was created during a time when African Americans were not allowed to accumulate or keep their economic resources.
Had slavery never existed in the US, African Americans would have trillions of dollars more than they have today.
“Whereas, this dehumanizing practice enabled the United States to rise to global prominence, to accumulate massive amounts of wealth,
And to build the world’s most formidable military, among others achievements, to become the world’s only Superpower,” the petition reads.
The petition also reaches for practical, tangible solutions to help obtain reparations.
It mentions US House Bill HR 40, sponsored by Rep. John Conyers in Michigan, which lays out ways that reparations can be paid.
Whereas, U.S. House Bill H.R. 40, as it was originally sponsored by Rep. John Conyers, D-MI, provides a viable outline that best suits this measure.
We further recognize reparations as the only way forward to move towards resolution of this human rights issue;
Whereas, the purpose and goal of this Task Force, or Commission, is to determine how reparations will be made to the descendants of the Africans enslaved in America.
Therefore, we acknowledge this as a human rights issue that demands the power and unconditional support of the President and the Congress of the United States of America
And that it can be established by Executive Order of the President of the United states; and,
Therefore, we sign this petition to demand that government of the United States of America immediately form a Task Force, or Commission,
Whose purpose is formulate how reparations will be made to the descendants of the Africans who were brutally enslaved in this country for centuries,
And who were further demoralized and oppressed for another 100+ years of Jim Crow.
Elaine Riddick · Follow · Top Commenter · Works at The Rebecca Project for Human Rights
I think that they should pay,wall street is still around,as well as the corporations that benefitted from slavery!
Reply · 13 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 1:33pm
Kimber Leigh · Works at Akashic record
HELL YEAH. you can start with the CSX yard in downtown atlanta
Reply · 5 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 1:48pm
Keith Jackson · Satelite academy
YES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 7:11pm
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Mustafa Ansari · Follow · Dean at Self Employed and Loving It!
Petition signing unless it is a court petition filed in the Inter-American Court pursuant to the Convention on the Elimination of Racism and UN General Assembly Resolution 60/147 is just a waste of time. Non-lawyers and Domestic lawyers that are unaware that Reparative measures are proper for people who are the victims of "Crimes Against humanity" go nowhere.
A petition to Obama is useless because it was the Obama and the Bush Administration who both walked away from the Slavery negotiating table in the International forums. If African Americans like Savage were thoughtful they would work with an international attorney or attorneys , because REPARATIONS are the RULE OF LAW for injured people. Human Rights TV home page
Reply · 11 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 6:37pm
Robert Antoine · Top Commenter · Kaplan University
Exactly Mr. Ansari. With a deficient of 17 trillion dollars. Who thinks for one minute the United States will even consider such as repreations.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 8:57pm
Keith Davis · Center for Urban Theological Studies
Yours is a thoughtful response that warrants consideration as these efforts move forward. The condition of vast number of African Americans in the U.S. Is appalling - all due to economic deprevation.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 28, 2013 at 7:52am
Arthur Robinson · Top Commenter · Hackettstown High School
You are correct. There is also a mitigating issue here that releases America from its reparations obligation in exchange for a compromise. That compromise was integration, rather then Separate But Equal Status, pursuant to the law, in exchange for a social experiment in violation of the law.
The Separate But Equal Doctrine placed the full weight of the United States Treasury and the Treasury of the States as a form of reparations. Denied under Brown and compromised Under the Civil Rights Act of 1963-1965. The Check due and owning that Dr. King made mentioned to was sold as compromise position.
Reply · Like
· October 29, 2013 at 2:01pm
View 1 more.
Keke Mitchell · Works at Child Care
I fully stand with my people behind this petition. In Jesus' name.... it will come to pass.
Reply · 9 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 2:15am
Ali Bey · Co Owner at Brothers & Sisters Entertainment LLC
All the United States needs to say is that it was the European Nations that enslaved the people here. At the time Slavery started, there was no United States. Further, they never took people from any African Nation or Tribe called "Blacks". There is no such nation of tribe that exists and the people who were enslaved were NOT Christians.
Reply · 3 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 8:04am
Zev Goldman · Top Commenter · Missouri Southern State University
Native Americans were hunted down and killed for a bounty. When do we get to rip off American tax payers? If anyone should pay a penny for slavery it should be the Muslims of North Africa who to this day raid sub-Saharan Africa for slaves as they did during the 17th,18th and 19th centuries with their black African allies.
Reply · 3 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 5:14pm
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Randy Jones · Top Commenter
Ali Bey from 1776-1865 the United States was an existing country which imported and held in captivity African and African descendants. I'm sure if this ever goes up for discussion by Congress they will use every excuse they can to get around reparations. But that particular argument will not fly.
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 6:08pm
View 4 more.
Deborah Nolan · Follow · Top Commenter
I don't care who the President is, the United States is never going to give any type of payment to African American's for slavery, they don't really feel they've done anything wrong, and our skin is still Black. This issue has been on the table before and it went away just as fast. They gone Hush it up again, #Watch!
Reply · 8 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 3:00am
Ali Bey · Co Owner at Brothers & Sisters Entertainment LLC
It's gonna go away again because they keep going about it the same wrong way. Britain, Spain, Portugal & the Netherlands are the NATIONS that are responsible for going into the so called African continent and buying or taking people from the various NATIONS AND TRIBES there and bringing them to the Americas.
There was no United States. Reparations as it pertains to InterNational relations are payments made from one country or nation to another for damages sustained during war. So in truth, it should be the African Nations suing those responsible European Nations in the International Court of Justice on behalf of so called African Americans provided that African Americans can prove they actually are descendants of those who were "TAKEN" from Africa during that Slave Trade.
The one Fact that the so called Blacks who are pushing this have not considered is that all so called Blacks in the United States are NOT descendants of Slaves imported from Africa. This notion presupposes that our people were not seafarers who traveled to the Americas Long before Columbus arrived.
Reply · 4 · Like
· Edited · October 27, 2013 at 8:13am
Shalon Leonard · Top Commenter · Essex County College
Obama gave reparations to the "Japanese Americans" for them being put in concentration camps right here in america. Yet he says he dosent believe in reparations for AA.
Reply · 8 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 11:55am
Basil Keilani · Top Commenter
Shalon Leonard The Japanese who were put in camps were still alive. WWII happened 70 years ago. Some of them are still alive. Who is alive from 200 years ago? When holocaust survivors were given reparations (the Jewish ones mainly, not the others) there were many holocaust survivors alive.
Reply · 4 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 9:45pm
Tuck Jackson
We demand our 40 acres and the mule. For all the free labor that built this country.
Reply · 7 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 4:45pm
Leontyne Clay Peck · Top Commenter
This nation must atone to the descendants of slaves for 400 years of slavery. Reparations are necessary for restoration.
Reply · 5 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 10:41pm
Minister Jerald Gainous · Follow · Top Commenter · Christ Child of God at Under employed
I agree, everyone else is getting it, except the black skinned man. I'll tell you if you want to be fair then be fair with everybody. But then again who's trying to be fair? If it can be given to ones less mistreated, then we should be the real people to receive blood money!
Reply · 4 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 6:19pm
Wayne Thorpe · Elizabeth Seton College, Yonkers, NY
WHY NOT REPARATION , IT WAS 500 OF FREE BLACK LABOR THAT MADE THIS COUNTRY RICH .
Reply · 3 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 3:03pm
Wayne Thorpe · Elizabeth Seton College, Yonkers, NY
500 YEAR OF FREE LABOR
Reply · 2 · Like
· October 27, 2013 at 3:06pm
John CJ Tucker · Top Commenter · Cook to Chef at Food Service areas;1986 thru 2007
Impossible; Who do you compensate; the survivors from 1863 or the descendants of 2013? That is 6 generations removed. I as a African American would agree with this idea, except, the majority of wealth today, was generated since 1929, and the average billionaire today, have no direct relationship to slavery.
The only thing we would accomplish is a greater divisiveness between races. Any reparations would only come from tax payers. The results would require raising taxes considerably .I see no logical solution. Slaves where granted automatic citizenship in 1863,that is the legitimate point to claim punitive and compensatory damages, not 150 years later.
Reply · 1 · Like
· October 28, 2013 at 6:17pm
Robert Antoine · Top Commenter · Kaplan University
NEVER HAPPEN. BLACK PRESIDENT OR WHITE !
Reply · 2 · Like
· Follow Post · October 27, 2013 at 9:00pm
43 Responses to Group Demands that President Obama form Task Force to Study Reparations for Slavery
Big MO Reply
October 29, 2013 at 6:25 pm
No people in HUMAN history have gotten more because of the color of their skin than African Americans. They TAKE and they TAKE…and they TAKE. They remember nothing.
Every other racial group out works the lazy black man. The black man just sits back and WAITS… He waits for his opportunity to get something for nothing.
The worst thing the white man ever did was gift the black man integration rights.
What white people need to do is give the black race a chunk of land in America…and make the lazy black man do what he HATES to do: provide for his own people, his own children (NO WHITE TAX BASE FOR THAT BLACK MAN). White people MUST force this on the black man. The American black man is still a child.
He wants a nipple to suckle on. White people MUST make him leave…and provide for his own people. I long for that day i.e. prying the white man’s nipple out of his whining, loud mouth.
Teacher of Truth Reply
October 31, 2013 at 4:19 pm
If you give african american people land they will prosper just like they worked the land for white people they will work it for themselves. Your persepctive is only based on what you have seen from black people that have lost hope because of the ills of society in the last 20 years.
You are basing your statements on what you have observed from your limited experiences. You need to study and talk to working african american people . You summing up african americans from this perspective is like them summing up white people based on hill billies and KKKs.
You have a partial truth that generates your negative perspective. BTW please don’t say you watch tv and know all about african americans because tv is ran by those that only want to i*******e negativity toward african americans.
Auset Reply
October 31, 2013 at 5:48 pm
All white people do is TAKE, TAKE, TAKE. You murdered the Native American people to take the land, you took Africans that you enslaved to support your lazy azzes and build the US economy, you continue to take the lands and resources of peoples of color around the world to live off of. You murdered millions of people to do so. Your presence on this land is a testimony to your TAKING. Where are the Native American people? What the h**l are you doing on this land anyway?
You go into Africa and TAKE the resources to enrich yourselves at the expense of Africans. You go into the Middle East and TAKE the resources (oil) to enrich yourselves and killed millions to do it. Black Americans had Black Wall Streets in the US and you dropped bombs on them and wiped them off of the map because you couldn’t stand to see Black people be independent and WEALTHY! You are colonizers. You go into other people’s lands and murder the inhabitants to TAKE the land and resources to enrich yourselves.
You are colonizers and imperialists and you are the biggest TAKERS on the planet. Now, you’ve got the planet so filthy with your global warming that you are destroying it for everybody. Your population is on the decline and that is the best thing that could ever happen. Maybe then, the Native Americans, the Africans, and all of the other peoples on the planet that you colonized will be able to recover.
Auset Reply
October 31, 2013 at 6:29 pm
Also, African nations are demanding reparations from white people going into their land, killing and TAKING, the Caribbean nations are demanding reparations from white people TAKING! LOL! If it wasn’t for the Moors who went into Europe and taught your ancestors how to be civilized (or attempted to teach your ancestors how to be civilied because you still don’t have it right) and how to clean up your own filth that you was dying from, you would not have survived –
just like how the Native Americans fed your behinds and you had a Thanksgiving over it. What did you do? You committed ******** on them and TOOK the land. Keeping you alive allowed you to come to power and the world would have been much better off if the Moors just let you drop. Billions of lives would have been saved, there would not have been an African Slave Trade, Native Americans would be alive and well, no colonization in Australia and Asia, the Tanzmanian people would still exist and the Earth would be doing well. You gotta pay for that shyt.
Rarejim Reply
October 29, 2013 at 12:00 am
Most of you simply want just want another check! You have been getting paid for the last 50 years.
Housing, food stamps, ADC, WIC, tax credits and a lot more, affirmative action, come on people we spend so much time with our hands out rather than our minds open, think about it, if each household was given $50k and all other welfare was stopped, the money would be gone by the weekend and 99 % would be worse off by Thanksgiving! We have received our share of the 15 Trillion dollars spent on the poor people who believe the government owe them something, rather than use their brain to make millions!
Your kids use Facebook instead of being the 19 year old who invented it! They play computer games instead of inventing them. 2500 of us dance, sing, play sports the rest talk a bad game! Just my opinion.
Devon Reply
October 29, 2013 at 9:19 am
Thumbs up @ your post!
Auset Reply
October 29, 2013 at 2:51 pm
For the sake of arguement, if reparations were to be awarded, I don’t think it should come in the form of cash. I think it should come in a form of land, resources, etc.
When we had our Black Wall Streets, we had our industries. We were wealthy and employed our own people. White people destroyed our Black Wall Streets, murdered thousands of Blacks and destroyed our economic independence and impovershed millions of us.
What happens when people are made to be poor? They need assistance. Affirmative Action is a form of CORRECTIVE action because of the crimes and discrimination held against Black people. Affirmative Action is not a form of reparations. In fact, the civil rights movement is a form of corrective action because of the crimes and discrimination the federal, state, local governments and civilians committed against Black citizens. The existance of these laws bears testimony to human rights violations against Black people.
Colonialism, imperialism, the SYSTEM of racism/*************** (human rights violations) are welfare systems created by white people for white people. What happened to Native Americans? How come they can’t exist on this land? Why do you think white people should be able to live off of the labor of our ancestors and inherit the bounty of our ancestor’s labor FOR FREE! Why should they get freebies? Why should they get to occupy stolen lands without paying THEIR way?
Not to mention the millions of people they murdered in the process of obtaining this wealth. I am tired of supporting THEM! And I am not worried about trying to keep the peace to not h**t the feelings of criminals.
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:58 pm
Will these reparations claims also be filed against African nations?
African King Apologizes for Africa?s Role in Slavery | Your Black World
jack johnson Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:09 pm
we do not need another polarizing issue that will go nowhere. one more problem to throw at the POTUS> I am both sad, frustrated and embarrassed by the plight of many of our black families. I am not going to lay down on this one and it needs to be said. I am saying this because I care and love all.
we need to stop looking to others to provide money or solutions. this is one more attempt to get a hand out for the price paid by our ancestors—not us! whats next money because our children speak slang ebonics, and not proper English. lets blame the school system and get some money.
Too many of us have squandered the opportunites avialable to all in this country, and in some cases more for us as blacks. yet many sit back and look for excuses and more hand outs, and more reasons to hate and blame white folks. many of us have become just as ugly as the whites once were and many still are in the deep south.
based on the per centage of population we still have the lowest in college grads (and trade schools); highest children borne out of wedlock; highest divorce; highest prison population; highest unemployment; highest welfare recepients, and when we don’t get our way we have tandrums and burn down our own city (how stupid).
Are these circumstances the result of our own indiviual choices?
We have way too many successful black people to blame the bad on others. Our ancestors have a different story, but not you and me.
stop looking for others to provide money or solutions. now is the time to break the cycle of so many of our failurs. Get involved in your kids education and teach accountability. Stop teaching everybody to hate and blame others for what people do to themselves. Stop following celebrities as leaders. choose role modes carefully. Stop seeing everything in terms of color, as it creates your own obstacle.
I am ready for the hate respones. bring it.
Devon Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:56 pm
Thank you Jack Johnson!!!!! You are the TRUE voice of reason and black empowerement!!
D!0NDR3 Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:46 pm
Me and u have not agreed on many issues but this 1 I agree with u 100% we do need 2 stop begn , like our names are Keith Sweat. Plus it will never ever happened the closest that this has/will come 2 reality is the skit from The Chappelle Show.
Pres.Obama will not put a task force 2gether 4 something K.K.Krackuz are not concerned with, rule #1 in AmeriK.K.Ka if it DOES NOT concern or BENEFIT White AmeriK.K.Ka it is NEVER up 4 discussion. I am not racist but I am a realist.
Which is Y America has laws like the Amber Alert to protect the ambers, megans, and beckys of AmeriK.K.Ka U will never hear of a LAW called the Yolanda or LaKeisha alert. We do have the ever popular “3 strikes Law” just 4 us though.
Now I would like a task force on the senseless murder/killing of African American males among US and the K.K.Kops who are suppose 2 serve and protect but that will NEVER EVER happen, just being real about the SHYIT.
Karol Hamm Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:59 am
No one is begging…pushing for a Human Rights Movement taking up where our Civil Rights fight left off. The 40 “somethings” are a dying breed and our generation should be the ones forging forward on this and I for one seem fit for the purpose.
Think what you may…signatures bind oneself to the Civil Action Suit.
We are not begging for signatures, either you will or will not. 40 million in the country alone…If you are of melanin, this entitles one to embrace the notion that others want to achieve a higher purpose, doubt is not allowed…for such a vision.
blacjk jones Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:58 am
Black folk will probably never receive reparation partly because of the so-called lovingly employed—which has nothing to do with the real issue of human abuse and slavery but everything to do with POWER greed and selfishness—GIVE BLACK FOLK THEIR DUE RESPECT and let the chips fall where they may—-
WE can lovingly help each like we did in my day—LOVE YALL and PEACE—Hold your heads up— your richness is in the unseen—stop begging for what you already have—connect with your church and community and don’t believe the HYPE—GREATNESS IS IN ALL PEACE!!!!!
blacjk jones Reply
October 28, 2013 at 12:19 pm
correction: each other
Ghana Gharvey Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:49 am
Africa Must Free Africa
[ Deuteronomy 28:68 ]
And the Lord shall bring Israel into Egypt again with ships and there Israel shall be sold to Israels enemies as slaves, and no man shall set Israel free; by the way of which I spoke to Israel , Israel shall see it no more.
Believe it or not, we Black African in the diaspora of countries like America, Brazil,The United Kingdom, the islands, even India (via The Islamic version of robbing Africa of its people), are descendants of the Israelites The Lord God said ( via his Prophet Moses ) we would suffer this fate; because of our stubbornest and refusal to stick with Lord God .
And speaking of those descendants, will we ever be free ? Recently & once again the World recognized Martin-Luther King Jr. . On April 3, 1968, hours before he was murdered, he said (talking strictly to his disenfranchised and scattered Africans ): .We as a People Will get to the Promised Land .
I believe that this was a prophecy of not only what would happen, but how it would happen. Going back to Deuteronomy 28:68 and adding it to MLK Jr.’s prophecy, here’s what I get:
a) No man shall set us free PLUS b) We As A People shall get to the Promised Land = [ We shall set ourselves free, when we choose to become whole again. ]
And how do we become whole again? By reclaiming our missing parts. What is stopping Africa from reclaiming its stolen people ?
I believe that the times are approaching for Africa’s redemption from: Poverty, Oppression, and Depression.
[Daniel 11:14 ]
And in those times there shall many nations come against the king of the south
(Great Britain BABYLON ):
ALSO the ROBBERS OF ISRAEL exalt themselves to establish the vision; BUT THE ROBBERS OF ISRAEL SHALL FALL !
Dewey Boyd Reply
October 28, 2013 at 11:37 am
Why Not Reparations….?!
W Lyons Reply
October 30, 2013 at 2:27 pm
No person alive today had anything to do with slavery in America, which is why few non-Black Americans, and apparently even one Black President, believe America should pay reparations to living Americans who are, by and large, many generations away from the Africans and descendants of Africans who suffered under that terrible and inhuman institution.
However, since the 1960s the American government and many American churches and charities have put hundreds of billions of dollars into Black communities and created many racially-relevant laws. Corporate efforts to create a more inclusive workplace have given Black America more opportunity than ever to get a good job.
Has all evidence of racism been erased from the hearts of all men and women of all races – Black, White and Other? No, and that will not happen any time soon. Is the situation now where right-thinking people want it to be? No. But most Black Americans living in 1950s America would no doubt prefer to live in the America of the 21st century.
Significant improvement now depends at least as much on Black America as on the rest of America.
It’s time to move on from blaming slavery and racism for Black America’s ills. Black America needs to have a more encompassing conversation with itself and the rest of America to address why it is that too many Black Americans are so dysfunctional. Blaming slavery and racism are too easy, too much of a cliché to non-Black America.
So many Black Americans, many from difficult backgrounds and nearly all of whom can point to slave ancestors, have proven they are capable of achieving success in their lives, by whatever measure we could choose to define “success.” Most of the rest of America simply no longer believes the idea that Black America as a whole “will be much better off if you’ll just give us a lot more money.”
bishop omega Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:02 am
The 1503 Petition for Reparations for African Americans was delivered to the UN in 1994. Although it was received, it was not heard nor was it responded to by the UN.
PREFACE
We, the African descendants of slaves, the so-called African-American, the so-called Black American, the so-called *****, have never tasted of the “freedom” that so many millions of other members of the human family enjoy, safeguard and treasure.
We are the only people on this planet that have had to endure over four humdred (400) years of the most b****l, dehumanizing slavery the world has ever known. We continue to suffer to this day from the scars of that slavery and from institutions of racism in the United States of America that deprive us of our “human rights.”
This historic Petition to the United Nations marks an end of one era and beginning of another. It marks the end of the struggle for liberty that many Black Americans have fought within the boundaries of the United States in an attempt to get our former slave masters to give us what we were born with, our human rights.
We, as a people, have survived the post-civil war when we were released from the physical chains and told to “go” with little or no assistance from the United States Government. We even survived the v*****t and frightening reign of terror of the Klu Klux **** and the White Citizens Councils. During the years of the Great Depression, we suffered the most.
During World War II, Black soldiers were placed on the front lines to defend a nation that inflicted insults of the worst kind upon them, their families and loved ones who sought to exercise their human rights in places of public accommodations and in the work place.
We have had many great leaders during this era–leaders who begged and pleaded to the government and to the white majority Americans, to do what is right and just. Among those, to name a few, have been: Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, and Booker T. Washington.
The push for civil rights in the sixties brought us into a period wherein we experienced an even more cruel fate. We were led to believe that integration would be a “cure-all” for our woes. With integration we were to be able to experience life in these United States as do the majority of white Americans. Several decades into this system of “forced assimilation” reveals that the “glass ceiling” will continue to block the majority of us from ever truly “arriving.”
Our great leaders–Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy–proponents of integration, did not intend to dedicate their life’s works to a system that would still manage to keep us under control. But under control we still are.
We have had several great leaders with the wisdom to see that in order to be truly free, we must be able to exercise ALL of the rights that citizens of other nations exercise. We must have the right to self-determination which includes the right to: decide our own destiny, study and perpetuate our own history, culture and languages; have real political power in determining and electing officials that will be able to protect rights and needs peculiar to African-Americans; and even to return to Mother Africa, with substance, in order to undo the damages of slavery. Among these leaders were W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.
We now are at the beginning of a new era wherein we now will take our struggle for true and complete freedom to the international community via the United Nations. Our leader in this areana is the Honorable Silis Muhammad, my husband, who has dedicated his life’s work in carrying out the mission of his leader and teacher,
the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. He is working day and night to enable African-Americans to sit down as equals with officials of the government of the United States in a forum governed by the United Nations, so that this government will have to answer for its systematic and continuous gross violations of our human rights protected under international law.
So great is his love for his people that he has placed his life on the line in order to ensure that African-Americans are afforded the right to self-determination, and to receive justice in the form of reparations. I, along with countless others, pledge, my love and loyalty to him in this great and historic endeavor! Those of us in this spiritual battle are warriors, and are reminded of the sayings of the prophet Isaiah:
“For every battle of the warrior is with
Confused noise and garments rolled in b***d;
But this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.
The Bible, Isaiah,
Chapter 9, Verse 5
Misshaki Muhammad
Attorney General of the
Lost-Found Nation of Islam
Atlanta, Georgia
Reparations Petition for United Nations assistance under
Resolution 1503 on behalf of African-Americans in the United States of America
Ref. N. G/SO 215/1 USA (266)
Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Palais des Nations
United Nations
CH-1211 Geneva
Switzerland
Re: The past and present gross violations of the human rights of the African-American people to self determination by means of official U.S. policies of slavery, segregation, and forced assimilation, and the refusal of the U.S. government to apologize and offer any compensation, or reparations for these violations.
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world;
Whereas both the fundamental rights of members of minorities to exist in equal status with the majority, as well as the historical oppression and resulting present inequality and circumstances of the African-Americans (descendants of the formerly enslaved Africans in the U.S.) are well known;
Keeping in mind that Articles 1 and 55 of the U.N. Charter specifically refer to the principle of self-determination; that one of the basic purposes of the U.N., according to Article 1(2) is to,…develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples …;”
that Article 55 explicitly ties the principle of self-determination to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all or part of its people; that the principle of self-determination is implicated in chapters XI, XII and XIII of the Charter, that in the years since 1945, the principle has found its way into both the International Covenants, the Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations,
the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the decisions of the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinions in the Namibia and Western Sahara cases, just as it has been upheld by the U.N. General Assembly in relation to numerous recently emerging eastern European nations; and that, although long applied only in the colonial context, it has increasingly been appealed to in the post-colonial age by minorities and secessionist movements to the extent that today legal scholars–even (as before suggested) the U.N. itself–have generally agreed that the principle of self-determination may well apply outside of the colonial context, though within strict limits;
Keeping in mind that Articles 1 and 55 of the Charter commit the U.N. to the promotion of universal respect for human rights and basic freedoms, while Article 56 gives member nations an obligation to act, jointly or separately, to achieve the purposes set out in Article 55–that is, Article 56 creates a duty to act to promote respect for rights and freedoms,; and that when the core human rights rooted in the principle of autonomy are grossly, systematically and persistently violated, U.N. intervention to end that violation is morally and legally permissible, since the principle of autonomy implies that government is only justifiable if the government and its policies are an expression of the self-determination of peoples;
Realizing that today there can be little doubt that nations which practice, encourage or condone activities such as ********, ethnocide, ****************, forced assimilation, systematic racial discrimination, etc, are in violation of international law;
Recognizing that of such violations, only those that are (1) persistent and (2) systematic will be sufficiently severe or gross as to justify U. N. involvement; and that violations are systematic if they are a part of a consistent pattern, or a matter of state policy (systematic violations include both overt governmental actions or covert but institutionalized practices, the effect of which is to regularly prevent the exercise of core rights, and are more than occasional, or of short duration (e.g., U.S.slavery, segregation, systemic racial discrimination);
Understanding that to be a people, a group of persons must not only subjectively see themselves as a single people, but also objectively be seen, through speech and action, to be participating or be able to participate in the creation or recreation of their own distinct social world.
Recognizing that the legal acceptability of self-determination outside of the colonial context also means making a distinction between external and internal self-determination; that is, limiting self-determination to minority rights as it has been interpreted under Article 27 of the ICCPR, and evolved in customary international law;
Recognizing that just as a gross systemic and persistent denial of human rights is a violation of international law, calling forth the right to international assistance, the violation of the human right to internal self-determination and reparations as permitted in minority rights–that is the concentration of all the power of a multi-national state in the hands of a single group within it which acts to prevent other constituent peoples from realizing their own social, historical and cultural space–is equally a violation of international law, calling forth the right to receive U.N. assistance.
Any government or the agents and institutions of the government that, in principle, prevent the exercise of a people’s right to self-determination, and compensation for past and present gross violations, or any other minority rights, may be regarded as illegitimate in the eyes of that people, and by international law in its application to that people, insofar as U.N. efforts to give a voice to the people is called for in principle.
Further recognizing, in regard to reparations for past gross violations, that the right to a remedy for victims of gross violation of human rights is well-established, and involves reparations, which include compensation, restitution or restoration. Concerning this fundamental international legal principle, the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled in the Chorzow Factory (indemnity) Case:
It is a principle of international law, and even a general conception of law, that any breach of an agreement invokes an obligation to make reparation…. reparation is the indispensable complement of a failure to apply a convention, and there is no necessity for this to be stated in the convention itself.
Drawing attention to the pertinence of a number of both universal and regional human rights instruments containing express provisions relating to the right to an “effective remedy” by competent national tribunals for acts violating human rights ( see Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Right).
The notion of an “effective remedy” is also included in Article 2(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and in Article 6 of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Some human rights instruments refer to a more particular “rights to be compensated in accordance with the law” or the “right to an adequate compensation.”
Even more specific are the provisions of Article 9(5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and of Article 5(5) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which refer to the “enforceable right to compensation.” Similarly, the Convention Against t*****e and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment contains a provision providing for the t*****e victim a redress and “an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.”
In some instruments, a specific provision is contained indicating that compensation is due in accordance with law or with national law. Equally, provisions relating to “reparation” or “satisfaction” of damages are contained in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Article 6, which provides for the right to seek “just and adequate reparation or satisfaction for any damage suffered.” The ILO Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries also refers to “fair compensation for damages,” to “compensation in money” and “under appropriate guarantees.”
And all to full compensation “for any loss or injury.” The American Convention on Human Rights, to which the U.S. is a party, speaks of “compensatory damages” (Article 68) and provides that the consequences of the measure or situation that constituted the breach of the right or freedom “be remedied” and the “fair compensation be paid to the injured party.”
The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a provision to the effect that states Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote “physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim…” In short, numerous human rights instruments provide strong evidence that the right to remedy is an established obligation where states’ action or failure to act result in damages.
Bearing in mind, concerning the issue as to whether the internationally accepted obligation to remedy is applicable to damages suffered by minorities due to past gross violation of human rights, that Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 provides our first useful guidance as to victims rights to reparation. The resolution mentions in its first preambular paragraph “individuals, groups and communities”. This supports our assumption that the right to remedy deals with minorities as well as individuals.
That minorities are included is also confirmed in Sub-Commission resolution 1988/11 of 1 September 1988 which, in its first operative paragraph, refers to “victims”, either individually or collectively.” Another indication regarding the categories of victims is the repeated reference in Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 to “gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Under most international legal instruments dealing with individual rights, the violation of any one provision may entail a right to an appropriate remedy, while instruments concerned with the rights of minorities to Compensation focus on gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Drawing particular attention to the fact that according to the domestic law of the U.S. itself (Third Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United State), a state violates international law if, as a matter of State policy, it practices, encourages or condones:
(a) ********
(b) slavery or slave trade
(c) the murder or causing the disappearance of individuals
(d) t*****e or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
(e) prolonged arbitrary detention
(f) systematize racial discrimination, or
(g) a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights.
Affirming the general recognition that victims who are entitled to compensation–and this may also include their descendants or survivors–have suffered substantial damages and harm. This interpretation is reflected in the first preambular paragraph of Sub-Commission resolution 1989/14 which refers to “substantial damages and acute sufferings.” In this regard the notion of “victims” spelled out in paragraph 18 of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, should be taken into account. The paragraphs reads in part:
“Victims means persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that …constitute violations… of internationally recognized norms relating to human rights.)
And further recognizing that for the many African-Americans whose ancestors were victims of gross violations, passage of time has no attenuating effect, but on the contrary has increased post-traumatic stress, deteriorated social, material, etc., conditions requiring all necessary special rights as well as compensation and rehabilitation measures.
We may conclude that as long as the effects of past gross violation and resulting damage can be demonstrated as the cause of present developmental problems, it would be difficult to produce an acceptable argument for statutory limitations since that would amount to the denial of the fundamental human right to a remedy for past injustices. Therefore, in concern for future generations and our search for an end to war and violence, we must uphold human rights for African-Americans, because in this era of scattered low-intensity v*****t conflicts, only justice can effectively supersede war.
Remembering that the Permanent Court of International Justice establishes the basic principles governing remedy for breaches of international obligation, stating:
The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act–a principle which seems to be established by international practice and in particular by the decisions of arbitral tribunals–is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed, if that act had not been committed.
Restitution in kind or, if this is not possible, payment of sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear, the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it–such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.
In full consideration of all of the above, we believe that the African-American people suffer from gross, systematic and persistent violation of their human rights, particularly their right to self-determination and right to remedy for past and ongoing gross human rights violation, and therefore the following petition is prepared by The Lost-Found Nation of Islam, on behalf of African-Americans, to call forth the assistance of the U.N. and the international community:
Dear Mr. Boutros-Boutros Ghali and Members of the Sub-Commission:
(Fatma Zahra, Farida Alouaze, Ahmed Khalifa, Ahmed Khalil, Fisseha Yirner, Hailma Embarek Wazazi, Judith Sell Attah, El Hadji Guisse’, Said Maceur Ramadhane, Tofazzol Hassain Khan, Jin Tian, Muksum-Ul-Hakim, Ribat Hatano, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, Ioan Maxim, Stanislav Valentinovich Chernnichenko, Volodymyr Boutkevitch, Leandro Despouy, Giberto Vergre Saboia, Clemencai Forero Ucros, Miguel Alfonso Martinez, Claude Heller, Marc Bossuyt, Louis Joint, Erica-Irene A. Daes, Asbjorn Eide, Claire Palley, and Linda Chavez)
The Lost-Found Nation of Islam (hereinafter referred to as The Nation of Islam), under the leadership and guidance of the Honorable Silis Muhammad, on behalf of its members and all other descendants of enslaved Africans in America, takes this opportunity to congratulate and thank the Working Group of the Sub-Commission and those members who voted to accept for consideration the IHRAAM Petition of 30 April 1992 concerning Los Angeles motorist Rodney King,
In the context of past and present gross violations of human rights of African-Americans in the U.S. Although the petition was narrowly defeated in the Sub-Commission, the Nation of Islam was delighted to see that, so shortly after the show of international concern by the Working Group and many members of the Sub-Commission, the U.S. saw fit to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to bring a new black Ambassador to the U.N., to find new legal grounds to retry the police involved in the cruel and callous beating of the African-American motorist, Rodney King, and to effectively prosecute the Detroit police (See Appendix A) for the murder of an African American, Malice Green.
While it cannot be directly linked, some African-American organizations, such as those represented by The Nation of Islam or cooperating actively with The Nation of Islam feel that the concern shown by the Sub-Commission may have been instrumental in securing a fair verdict in the King and Green trials, which thus discouraged new rounds of violence, loss of life, and property damage. If this is true, the U.S. government and all Americans should be thankful to the Sub-Commission for showing the degree of concern it did.
However, while it is likely that national and international opinion probably encouraged the jury conviction of the officers in the King trial, the minimal sentence of 30 months that Judge Davies imposed upon them, his refusal to impose any fines (where $250,000.00 in fines had been pending), and his assignment of part of the blame to the victim, Mr. King, for the treatment that he endured, all indicate that the historic difficulty of African-Americans in obtaining justice through U.S. courts persists.
(See Derrick Bell for a listing of major cases in which African-American interest was surrendered to that of the Anglo-American majority, Appendix B; also see Aviam Soifer and Kathleen M. Sullivan for restrictions placed upon justiciable discrimination by recent rulings in U.S. Courts, Appendix C).
Dear Members of the Sub-Commission,
In situations of historical gross violations of human rights without reparations or compensation, the individual cases are only single manifestations of the larger phenomenon of general disrespect for the human rights of a formerly enslaved, powerless, dominated and exploited minority. As you know, the history of Africans in America began with the capture and forced emigration of African populations. During the “middle voyage” to America and the enslavement which awaited survivors, millions met their deaths.
While scholars estimate that some 15 million Africans were landed alive on North America, estimates of the numbers lost or killed in the slave trade have ranged as high as 100 million souls. The social fabric of an entire civilization was rent and destroyed in the process. The African population did not ask to come to America–their arrival was purely involuntary and against their will, and for the purpose of exploitation of their labor (See The African Slave Trade, Appendix D).
In order to justify the enormity of this crime against humanity, the Anglo-American government, slave masters, and majority population were forced to attempt to regard the African population as mere property and less than human. This entailed a refusal to admit their cultures, and effort to destroy their social habits and the long and rich traditions which they carried with them from the land of their birth, by labeling these barbaric and heathen.
For example, any African caught practicing Islam was mercilessly t******d, killed, or forced to go into hiding. The use of African names and African languages was widely prohibited. The official U.S. policy of forced assimilation (referred to in the U.S. as “integration,” despite its incongruousness with customary usage of that term) actually began during the enslavement period with the concerted efforts to stamp out any use or recognition of the African cultural heritage in America. This aspect of official policy was to be sufficiently successful in the areas of language and religion as to produce, from the many African cultures, a new one: African-Americans.
Subsequent to the Civil War, American citizenship was conferred upon the descendants of the enslaved Africans without any pretense of democratic consultation. While the government of Abraham Lincoln made numerous promises in order to secure the effective African-American support against the forces of the southern Confederacy, these promises were only briefly instituted in the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. Shortly thereafter, African-Americans were forced into a system of “separate” but equal segregation, which they rejected insofar as the “separate’ was not self-administered, and the “equal” was not equally resourced.
In short, “separate” meant political, cultural and economic domination with segregation. During this period, they struggled against discriminatory Jim Crow laws, which limited their participation in society at every conceivable level, including use of public lavatories, and seating in public transportation. Ironically, it was during this period of segregation that the recognition of African-American ethnic difference formed a theoretical cornerstone of the Anglo-American government’s justification of the policy of apartheid, even though the government had no intention of providing minority rights, or the right to be different, in any egalitarian sense.
The official policy of “separate but equal” in reality was intended to serve a societal opiate to contain African-American revolt, and secure co-operation; it did not provide for any significant economic or political equality or autonomy. However, the separate but equal period, like the period preceding it, permitted, or was unable to prevent, the welding of separate African traditions into what became a distinct and recognizable African-American culture, demonstrable in lifestyle, music, cuisine, dress, language, dance, religious practice, socio-political organization, and a wide range of distinct cultural attributes which distinguish the African-American people from the majority population–even though the eventual commercialization and distortion of much of African-Americans’ cultural products did much to disguise the unique nature of the culture.
The policy of forced assimilation moved toward a final stage in the 1960′s, following the massive struggle by the African-American community against a system of “separate but equal” which they realized was, in practice, a system of subordination and oppression. This system, which had permitted some degrees of institutionalization of a range of educational and socio-cultural activity within the African-American community, was swept away by the popular demand for “freedom” and “equality”, without any analysis of exactly what these concepts should mean, in terms of politico-legal and social institutions (e.g., a range of constitutional-legal options which might have permitted the African-American minority varying degrees of self-administration under terms of political and socio-economic equality).
The abolition of separate legal systems pertaining to African-Americans and their replacement by official policies of equality before the law–the same rights for all, regardless, and non-discrimination–was never presented to the African-American people in terms of the possibility of other options apart from forced assimilation.
Their recent widespread self-designation as “African-Americans,” and the pervasive efforts to recover and promote the African attributes underpinning their culture, demonstrates that, far from wishing to assimilate, African-Americans are continuing to engage in the last aspect required for full retrieval of their full humanity: the right to a collective identity.
This struggle has been a long one, representing over 400 years of resistance and uprisings (See Appendix E) against a long toll of repression, t*****e, duplicity, lynching and murder (See Appendix F) political intimidation, harassment and disruption (See Appendix G), and forced cultural assimilation (ethnocide), with neither apology or compensation. That this struggle is finally reaching its culminating stages is evidenced by the submission of this Petition to the United Nations,
Which constitutes the African-American demand for international inquiry into its long history of gross human rights violations, and remedy in the form of self-determination, reparations, and institution of minority rights, which given the historical precedents, may require significant degree of (internal) self-determination.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission,
The effects of the long history of gross violation of human rights endured by African-Americans as a result of official U.S. policies of enslavement, segregation and forced assimilation is fully demonstrated by the malaise in which the African-American community exists today–in its disproportionately negative standing in all indicators of social well-being (See Appendix H). a few examples here will suffice:
* “The U.S. Imprisons Black Men at 4 Times S. Africa’s Rate” (headline, L.A. Times, Jan. 5, 1991)
* “White Families Wealth Put at 10 Times Blacks” (headline, L.A. Times, Jan. 11, 1991)
* “If the United States were divided into three countries based on race, the white population would rank No. 1, ahead of Japan, while black Americans would fall to 31st spot, alongside Trinidad and Tobago.” U.N. 1993 Human Development Report cited in The Globe and Mail, May 18, 1993.
* The Environmental Protection Agency of the federal government, probing bias in placement of toxic waster, cites black communities (Alabama, Mississippi, Los Angeles) allegations that toxic waste dumps and industrial waste dumps are placed in African-American communities in a discriminating manner (Jet, December 20, 1993, p. 37).
* Bill Cosby’s attack on the constant portrayal of blacks in the major TV and movie media as comics (CNN, November 19, 1993), etc.
Individual manifestations of the general phenomenon will continue as confirmation of the general disrespect for the human rights of the formerly enslaved minority, until the phenomenon itself can be eliminated or neutralized–which cannot occur, The Nation of Islam feels and historical evidence substantiates (see Appendix H), until African-Americans are able to exercise their right to self-determination and receive reparations for past and on-going gross human rights violations.
The Nation of Islam and most African-Americans believe that this will require third party intervention, such as the U.N. Sub-Commission’s willingness to provide the political, legal and conceptual leverage, the fora and the legal framework required by the oppressed formerly enslaved minority to convince the U.S. government to open a sincere dialogue on the inalienable human rights of the minority to lawfully demand self-determination with reparations for past and on-going gross human rights violations–chiefly, the receipt of compensation for past and on-going gross violation to the full extent necessary to achieve self-determination and minority rights as provided by Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the U.S. has ratified.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission:
The U.S. government, in line with the U.S. Courts, continues to promote forced assimilation through the concept that all minority needs and rights can be subsumed within the concept of non-discrimination and equality (or sameness) before the law–this despite the fact that historical evidence strongly contradicts such a notion, and that judicial enforcement of non-discrimination in the U.S. has become formal and de-contextualized, disallowing appropriate consideration for historical injustices and present special needs. The courts further restrict satisfaction by requiring “intent to discriminate,” and refusing consideration to those who are not “immediate victims” (See Soifer and Sullivan, Appendix 3)
The rectification of profound damages caused by past and present U.S. systemic discrimination against and gross violation of the human rights of African-Americans cannot occur until African-Americans are able to exercise their minority rights. All statistical evidence (Appendix H) indicates that a policy of non-discrimination alone is insufficient to permit the African-American minority to achieve equal status with the majority, but rather, under the guise of aiding them, serves to continue their victimization.
While a multi-national state may argue that treating all people (majority as well as formerly enslaved minority) the same, legally and institutionally, regardless of their different histories and circumstances, somehow leads to a new society in which oppressed or formerly enslaved minorities, at some time in the future, will achieve equal-status, sameness or equality with the majority, this line of reasoning more frequently serves merely to justify or mask majority domination, and often exploitation, of national minorities.
Even the most superficial analysis reveals that treating such minorities as if they were the same as the majority in a majority-ruled multi-national society does not permit minority needs to be legitimately known or expressed, let alone addressed. Practically every multi-national society since the dawn of written history tried some version of this notion without succeeding, usually with the implicit intention of maintaining the domination of the minority group.
That is why every U.N. study on minorities, such as those of Cruz, Capotorit, Eide, Calley, Daes, etc., discovered that non-discrimination may not be enough, and special measures or special rights are often required by Article 2:2 in conjunction with Article 27 of the ICCPR to achieve equal status for national minorities. These special rights often include various forms of autonomy (self-determination) such as that requested during a thirty-five (35) year period for African Americans by the Honorable Elijah Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam.
In relation to this issue, Karel Vasak suggested in the International Dimension of Human Rights that without self-determination, (internal and external) all other rights become meaningless. Similarly, unless African-Americans are accorded appropriate forms of internal self-determination, it may not be possible for them to experience their human rights. Further, without appropriate enablement (reparations) provided over time to financially facilitate the development required to exercise self-determination, to facilitate the establishment of minority policies and institutions, the right to experience human rights will not be achieved.
Mr. Secretary-General and Sub-Commission Members,
The United States has refused to respond adequately to its obligation to provide African-Americans with either minority rights (which may require varying degrees of internal self-determination) or compensation for past gross human rights violations.
A current example of refusal of the U.S. government to address these two related issues is the case of Lani Guinier, who was nominated as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights with the support of the African-American community. Ms. Guinier’s modest proposal of “modified at-large voting,” described by some as “an eloquent plea against electoral quotas,” nonetheless created a furor in the business community, which vilified it as representing a form of affirmative action (See Appendix I). Ms. Guinier’s nomination was then rescinded by President Bill Clinton, despite the pertinence of the following issues:
1) The right of African-Americans to effective participation in the democratic process is provided for in Articles 2:2, 2:3 and 5 of the U. N. Declaration on the Rights of National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, which is widely viewed as a further elaboration of the rights of minorities provided for in Article 27 of the International covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The American electoral system is so structured as to prevent African-Americans from having anything to say about their elected leadership. Under this system, they are discouraged from democratically electing the leadership of their community.
They must always leave the election of their community leaders in the control of the Anglo-American majority. The principle of majority rule is used on the federal and state levels, rather than any of a number of systems of proportional representation, widely recognized for their capacity to reelect minority interest. On the municipal level, the “at large” voting system which has largely replaced the Ward system in American cities has been employed to effectively reduce African-American electoral influence. There are no special institutionalized procedures for democratic determination or effective exercise of African-American opinion.
2) The right to affirmative action (special measures) was provided for explicitly by Article 2:2 and implicitly by Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), as well as by Articles 1:4 and 2:2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and 4:2 of the Declaration on Minorities. In addition to its ratification of the ICCPR, the U. S. is also guided by the Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the U. S., which details it obligations to observe treaty and customary international law.
The willingness of the highest executive authority in the United States, President Clinton, to respond to putative fears of affirmative action rather than uphold it in accordance with his international-legal obligations under the ICCPR constitutes yet another indication of U.S. policymakers’ historic tendency to block initiatives arising from the African-American community to address their political and socio-economic interest, in favor of the interest of powerful sectors of the dominant majority (See Y.N. Kly, International Law and the Black Minority in the U.S., 1985).
Indeed, it is a refusal to permit African-Americans to experience a democratic process in the choice of their leaders and/or their community policies, if these leaders or policies do not accord with the interest of the Anglo-American majority–even if the majority’s interest involves enslavement or apartheid (segregation) for the African-American, as it admittedly has in the past, or absorption into the American “underclass” through the processes of forced assimilation, which is primarily the U.S. policy regarding African-Americans in the present. Following this historical pattern, certainly the day after tomorrow for African-Americans will be the same as the day before yesterday.
Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission,
American jurisprudence, like that of most states, recognizes the right of victims to remedy. It has generally acknowledged that individuals may be entitled to compensation for the effects of actions wrongfully undertaken even before those harmed were born.
Furthermore, such acknowledgement has occurred not only on an individual basis, but on a collective basis. When the U. S. Congress has exercised its authority under Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment and Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment–Amendments whose original intent was for the protection of formerly enslaved African-Americans–it has done so to protect groups or classes of persons, not to serve individual interests. The Congress is addressing the institution and legacy of slavery as an ancient wrong and redressing grievances of those presently affected by establishing modern rights.
U. S. Recognition of the collective right to remedy is reflected in the U.S. payment of reparations to the Sioux of South Dakota (1985), the Seminoles of Florida (1985), the Ottawas of Michigan (1986) and Japanese Americans (1990).
A similar recognition exists in the international community, where we note the payment of reparations to the Jewish people by Germany in 1952, to Japanese Canadians by Canada in 1988, and to Holocaust survivors by Austria in 1990.
Concerning the right to reparations for gross human rights violations of African-Americans, the Nation of Islam challenges the hypocritical manipulation of affirmative action by the U.S. government which:
a) seeks to represent those affirmative action programs which it instituted subsequent to the African-American insurrections of the 1960′s as compensation for past gross human rights violations of African-Americans through official policies of enslavement and segregation, while at the same time failing to officially admit to and apologize for such policies;
b) purports to be the sole determinant of what such compensations should be–i.e., to offer compensation for grievances without any consultation or negotiation with the descendants of the African-American victims, whose communities continue to suffer from the malaise engendered by such policies, as to their preferred mode of compensation.
c) having decided to compensate the African-Americans without officially consulting them, apologizing or admitting wrong-doing, the U.S. majority’s institutions then proceed to unilaterally rescind and dismantle affirmative action, the very mode of reparations that the U.S. credits itself for having offered as a remedy.
Mr. Secretary-General and Sub-Commission Members,
The above demonstrates a callous and grotesque disregard for the inherent human rights and human dignity of African-Americans. In terms of the exhaustion of domestic remedy, President Bill Clinton’s withdrawal of Lani Guiniers’s nomination as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights represents yet one more instance of the U.S. government’s refusal to respond to continuing efforts on the part of African-Americans to achieve redress for past and on-going gross violations of human rights (see list of attempts, Appendix J). Concurrent with and responding to the failure of domestic efforts, African-Americans have addressed their grievances to the international community for decades (see list of precious initiatives, Appendix K).
The forwarding of the April 30, 1992 IHRAAM Petition to the U.N. Sub-Commission by its Working Group, marked the first successful attempt to achieve U.N. acceptance and consideration of such a communication addressing the question of past and on-going gross violations of African-Americans rights.
That the U.S., in that instance, missed U.N. condemnation by only one vote, provides an indication of the high measure of agreement felt by the international community with regard to the arguments and charges expressed therein. However, U.N. consideration of the IHRAAM Petition is not enough. The Nation of Islam puts forward this Petition as a demand for action on African-American grievances by the Sub-Commission. Its failure to act appropriately will give the wrong message to the African-Americans, to the U.S. and to the world.
The U.S. government should not be given the tacit approval of the U.N. to continue to ignore past gross violations without compensation, nor to continue present gross violations against its national minorities. Surely, Members of the Sub-Commission, it is not your position nor that of the U.N., while situated in New York and surrounded by more than one million oppressed national minority members, to ignore their desperate plight, and at the same time assist U.S. human rights efforts in other countries.
Surely, Mr. Secretary General and Sub-Commission Members, your position and that of the U.N. cannot be that in the U.S. only “white Americans” have internationally protected human rights, and that what is done to African-Americans does not count. The Nation of Islam is sure that this is not your position, nor that of the U.N.
Therefore:
In the name of African-American people, who are in full possession of their inherent human rights, the Nation of Islam calls upon the U.N. to intervene in favor of a sincere dialogue on the issues of reparations and self determination, and to act as a third party in setting up the situation wherein such a dialogue can occur.
The African-American people do not believe that an honest, truly useful and equitable solution can be achieved without a significant degree of U. N. assistance. African-American history is filled with attempts at trying to achieve a sincere dialogue with the majority Government. All attempts to achieve domestic remedies have failed.
In 400 years, African-Americans have not even come close to achieving equal-status relations with the Anglo-American majority ethnarchy which controls and runs the U.S. government as it sees fit, claims and distributes socio-economic resources as it sees fit, and ignores the human rights of African-Americans when it sees fit, etc.
Now African-Americans want their human rights, demands for equal status, self determination, and compensation for past and on-going gross violations to be heard and redressed, and are requesting U.N. assistance. This can be accomplished by observers being sent to the U.S., by an investigtive committee, by a special rapporteur’s investigation, by the opening of a forum at the U.N. wherein any and all sectors of the African-American community
and the U.S. government will be able, without fear of retaliation, to express their grievances on the issues of self-determination and reparation for past and on-going gross violations of their human rights, and seek U. N. assistance in defining and resolving the crisis in this relation which has proved so destructive, not just to African-Americans, but to America as a whole. In this endeavor, the U.N. can expect the full coopertion and assistance of the Nation of Islam, and the vast majority of other African-American groups and individuals.
Members of the Sub-Commission:
African-Americans demand only those remedies that have been afforded to all other peoples or minorities, including the the indigenous peoples and minorities of most developed countries. If the U.S. government is sincere about dealing honestly and candidly with human rights problems of its African-American population, then it should not object to this time-honored process of third party (U.N.) assistance, mediation, conciliation or arbitration.
The Nation of Islam recalls:
At the beginning of their history in America, the enslaved Africans brought to America were defined in the same terms as the cattle belonging to the Anglo-American rulers. Thus, they were educated and socialized to accept that only the Anglo-American government could deal with their oppression. However convenient it was for the U.S. rulers, that time is now passe’. The African-American national minority is now emerging from the period of political domestification.
It is only normal that it now begins, in addition to looking towards the majority government, to look towards the U.N. and the international community for technical, political and economic assistance. The U.N. cannot continue to ignore the oppression of national minorities in its host country, and still maintain it’s human rights credibility in the World.
The Nation of Islam salutes you, Mr. Secretary-General and Members of the Sub-Commission, and looks forward to a prompt reply. The African-American people continue to suffer as they have over the past 400 years of their unending struggle in the U.S. (See Appendix E) against gross human rights violations.
The Nation of Islam request U.N. attention to this on-going problem of gross violations of the human rights of African-Americans without apology and compensation and in particular, to the present flagrant violation of the rights of African-Americans to special measures or affirmative action, which is viewed with such fear and rejection in the U.S. as to occasion the withdrawal of the nomination of Lani Guinier as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights.
The Nation of Islam recommends the opening of a forum (perhaps under the auspices of the Sub-Commission), similar to the one opened for Aboriginal peoples in Geneva so that African-American human rights grievances that form the basis of the present petition can be expressed, systematically and officially recorded, evaluated and remedied.
To achieve this hearing, the Nation of Islam looks forward to cooperation with the U.N. and the U.S. goernment to facilitate the success of an appropriate forum.
Sincerely,
__________________________________
Silis Muhammad
Chief Executive Officer of
The Lost-Found Nation of Islam
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Detroit d***h of a black motorist
“Detroit’s b****l Lessons,” Newsweek, November 30, 1992
“Cops on Trial,” Time, November 30, 1982
“Ex-Officers in Detroit Guilty in Beating d***h of Motorist,” New York Times, August 24th, 1992
APPENDIX B: Historical Judicial Bias in U.S. Courts
Excerpts from Y. N. Kly, The Anti-Social Contract, Clarity Press, Atlanta, 1989
APPENDIX C: Contemporary Status of Civil Rights/Non-Discrimination in U. S. Courts
“The Court, Still Haggling Over Rights, “New York Times, June 14, 1989
“A Changed Court Revises Rules on Civil Rights,” New York Times, June 18, 1989
Excerpts from “On Being Overly Discreet and Insular: Involuntary Groups and the Anglo-American Judicial Tradition,” by Aviam Soifer, Dean of Law, Boston College, in The Protection of Minorities and Human Rights, ed. Yoram Dinstein and Mala Tabory, 1992
Excerpts from “Sins of Discrimination: Last Term’s Affirmative Action Cases”, by Kathleen M. Sullivan, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, in Harvard Law Review; Vol. 100, No 1, Nov. 86
APPENDIX D: History of Slavery
“The African Slave Trade,” National Geographic, September, 1992
APPENDIX E: African-American Resistance
“Chronology of U. S. Slave Rebellions and Conspiracies, 1663-1863,” The ***** Almanac: A Reference Work on the African-American, 5th Edition. Compiled edited by Perry A. Plooskie and James Williams, Gale Research Inc., Detroit, 1989
Excerpts from the presentation of the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement before an African-American Community Hearing on Human Rights Violations, June 7-10, 1990
APPENDIX F: Evidence of Murder, t*****e and Violence Against African-Americans
Chapter titled “The Evidence,” from We Charge ********, 1960
Excerpts from Communication to the U. N. Commission on Human Rights titled “Human Rights Violations by the Police Against Blacks in the U. S. A.”, submitted by A. Ray McCoy, June 10, 1982 and June 29, 1983. Document prepared by the Coalition Against Police Abuse, Los Angeles
APPENDIX G: Documentation of U. S. Government’s Political Intimidation and harrassment of African-American Leadership and Population
“Well, Not So Extraordinary: Spy Networks II,” The Nation, May 3, 1993
Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-46, Zbigniew Brezinski, Carter Administration, 1978
“Amnesty Int’l target racist use of d***h penalty”, Workers World, April 26, 1987
Letter re Operation Weed and Seed, American Civil Liberties Union of Washington, March 26, 1992
APPENDIX H: Indices of African-American Inequality
“U. S. Imprisons Black Men at 4 times S. Africa’s Rate”, L. A. Times, January 5, 1991
“Anger Over Racism is Seen as a Cause of Blacks High b***d Pressure”, New York Times, April 24, 1990
“White Families’ Wealth Put at 10 Times Blacks”, L. A. Times, January 11, 1991
“The d***h Gap: Life expectancy for blacks decreases to 69.2 but stands at 75.6 for whites”
Disproportionality of African-American Involvement in the Criminal Justice System
Statistical and other citations, The ***** Almanac: A Reference Work on the African-American, 5th Edition. Compiled and edited by Perry A. Plooskie and James Williams, Gale Research Inc., Detroit, 1989, (67 pages)
APPENDIX I: The Guinier Nomination
NAACP Bulletin, July 30, 1993
Compilation of articles from The New York Times
“Getting Guinier”, The Nation, May 31, 1993
“The Voting Rights Act: A Troubled Past,” Newsweek, June 14, 1993
“Withdraw Guinier,” The New Republic, June 14, 1993
“The Turning”, The New Republic, June 28, 1993
“Clinton’s Drift Left on Civil Rights has Business Edgy,” Business Week; May 31, 1993
APPENDIX J: African-American Efforts to Achieve Domestic Remedy
APPENDIX K: African-American Initiatives to the International Community
SP00KYM0NKEY Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:17 am
whats all that Nl663R babble ?
jj Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:13 pm
sombody please tell the good bishop this is a blog site where brevity is the goal.
jj Reply
October 28, 2013 at 8:15 pm
Dear sir, Islam is not a nation. one of your many false claims. Do you think we would have more equal opportunities in an Islamic country? of course you are a proponent of this reparations as you are with anything to polarize and cause conflict to destroy our country.
shield Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:20 am
The POTUS has no power the people that funded him does so guess what? reparations is not going down. Why you ask or better yet why the Japanese got theirs? because they are not the part of the tribes that the most high made his covenant with. That is the reason why every single time we turn around there is some type of attack on our people, and yes that includes some of our people that has sold out.
shield Reply
October 28, 2013 at 1:16 am
Isaiah 14:21 Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers; that they do not rise, posses the land nor fill the face of the world with cites. This is clear the reason for the anger of coontube is the fact white america is falling from their economic stronghold. They are becoming impoverish, tough times are becoming them, and they do not know how to react, case in point coontube. They thought they would not be held accountable for their foreparents transgressions.
This is what happens when you allow the powers that is to destroy a people, now they have everything they need and now the Caucasians are being sacrifice as well. All praises to the most high for the wars in the earth that are releasing our people.
Devon Reply
October 27, 2013 at 11:36 pm
Wake up black people there won’t be any reparations for us! Stop begging, please! We weren’t slaves and worked in cotton fields, our ancestors are long gone, so forget it. Better yourselves get an education, get married, raise your kids in two parent household and make sure you save money for your kids’ education.
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:06 pm
That is the only way forward.
Harold Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:30 pm
I have looked at both sides of this argument and ended with two questions. What was the law at the time? Was the law violated? We have to keep in mind that we were not viewed as humans. So, the only payment I see as owed under the law is the value of 40 acres and a mule. That was promised and served as a verbal contract.
John Jerry Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:50 pm
Will we get our money back from the African kings and leaders who sold us the slaves?
raye Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:31 pm
Surely those who fought and died to maintain slavery, specifically liberal/confederate/democrats will indeed agree that they should pay. r
W Lyons Reply
October 28, 2013 at 2:07 pm
But those people are no longer alive.
Rev. George Brooks Reply
October 27, 2013 at 5:03 pm
What on earth is Ali Bey and some of the others talking about on this issue??? I’m 75 and my great-grnd-parents were SLAVES right here in Tennessee, and this racist whites were NOT in Europe. And I don’t give a hoot where they came from, or when or where slavery started,
FOR MY father and mother’s fathers and mother, great uncles, aunts, great-great just going back to the early 1800s WERE SLAVES, right here. So what kind of thinking is this? Or is this simply some crackers pertaining that they are some of these “fake black Muslims” in this country, whom the REAL Muslims of the Middle East laugh at.
And I won’t go too deep into this, because I have many of whom I respect and are close to OUT IN CALIFORNIA, where I use to live. But I will say this, that even Brother Elijah Muhammad was not followed by one or two of his sons, because he was following a fake Muslim from Detroit that they even called MASTER. Remember? Which I detest, but still respect all of them, but don’t mess with my reparations, Brother Ali Bey. So don’t you apply, but don’t try to influence us with your stuff that you are talking about. There were plenty slaves in America, and it matter not where the **********s came from who enslaved and made money off of. The descendants of those enslaved need to be the recipients of REPARATIONS. — Rev. George Brooks
Goosebumps Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:48 pm
Preach, Ronald! All the food stamps, ebt cards, housing, section 8 and other things Ali Bey mentioned, only scrapes the tip of the iceberg, compared to hundreds years of free labor to this country by millions of black slaves. What about their medical bills? Dental? They are included as well.
So this so called pay back didn’t really start until late into the 1900. So he need to re-due his math, because it’s kind of fuzzy if you ask me. (George Bush) Is he not taking his medication…once again. Not only that, white people get the same thing as black people of today. I don’t recall any of them being enslaved.
Goosebumps
Ty Gray-EL Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:44 pm
It is a terribly tangled web that’s been weaved and will take a great deal of untangling to figure things out. But the petitioner is right, America does owe it’s wealth and prosperity to the descendants of African who were enslaved by the European nations who formed these United States.
America could not enjoy the prosperity it does today without the free labor of those enslaved. I understand that there are a lot of issues with respect to nationality; who, what and how would reparations be implemented. Just because there are complications does not mean we should give up on the procedure. There are complications associated with repairing those suffering from cancer but that doesn’t stop us from seeking ways to make those reparations.
If this Christian nation would do the right thing and, If a servant is worthy of his hire, as it is written in 1 Timothy 5:18 then America should find a way to make REPARATIONS.
Goosebumps Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:29 pm
@COONtube…I can tell that you are trailer trash hiding somewhere in the mountains. NEWS FLASH: There are more white people on welfare than any other race! You can check it out by goggling it, that’s if your outdated computer can get a signal.
Ronald Reply
October 27, 2013 at 4:03 pm
I don’t know what that Bey guy is trying to be so intelligent about in this matter,the ****,Germany’s,Koreans & every race on the face of this planet has received reparations from the US, I worked for Soviet **** that joked about the payments they received,America didn’t do anything with to the ****, ****** did & before people get on here talking about stupid undocumented c**p they should do their research. Black people against their will came here & built this country & were persecuted to the fullest extent,It’s idiots like this guy that keep us from advancing in the future, to many “*****PEANS”.
Facts Check Reply
October 27, 2013 at 3:22 pm
Ali Bey,
You make a good point, however, it doesn’t matter whether indigenous Africans were on Amexem (American) soil, prior to slavery. They got r****d, land stolen and ********d by the millions( alongside the so called Indians). Most importantly, many of them got thrown into slavery because of the color of their skin!
It doesn’t matter how it is tossed like a salad….DISENFRANCHISEMENT is DISENFRANCHISEMENT…which we all know continues today!
Lastly, I don’t think WHITEBAMA will change his mind! He already said he is against affirmative action, and reparations. Furthermore, he had the nerve to go to an HBCU’S in June and include in his speech: to GRADUATES MIND YOU; STOP WHINING! TAKE OFF YOUR BEDROOM SHOES, AND GET DOWN TO HARD WORK,
Really ??? Didn’t these graduates just achieve something, without bedroom slippers, whining?
AMAZING GRACE Reply
October 27, 2013 at 7:06 pm
That’s a fact. Obama certainly did say that to the graduates. And his administration has c*t funding to HBCU’!!!! So with all this information we had bet not hold our breathe, for he’s incapable of garnering reparations for African-American survivors of slavery.
Catlover Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:28 pm
@ Facts Check – Yes. It doesn’t matter whether the Black people enslaved were indigenous to this land or brought over on ships. I am a descendent of both and the US and all associated criminals need to pay for their crimes, theft and ********. Indigenous Blacks to this land also need to charge the United States with colonialism along with ******** because they colonized and continue to occupy our lands. This is a human rights violation as well. We need to put it before the World Court. Their presence here needs to be questioned and challenged!
C00Ntube Reply
October 27, 2013 at 9:37 am
more m0nkey whine.
as if yo lazy azzes dont collect enuf ebt and welfare already.
now go peel a banana boy.
you aint gettin S*!t
elrancho2 Reply
October 27, 2013 at 2:08 pm
I’m white and it’s people like you make us all look ignorant and evil. Just go play on a ***************** site where you can pretend that you are better than other people, when in fact, you have less value than a sewer rat.
Auset Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:12 pm
A colonizer like you is in no position to call anybody lazy. You invaded this land and continue to live off of it. Your ancestors murdered the indigenous peoples here, stole the wealth, enslaved people because they were too lazy to do their own work and continue to this day to reap the benefits of the labor, murder and rape of my ancestors.
You are a colonizer on this land and that means you are a criminal. You are trespassing. Colonialism is the white man’s welfare system. Go do your own work and live off of the fruits of your own labor instead of the labor, lands and resources of other people, Neanderthal parasite.
SP00KYM0NKEY Reply
October 28, 2013 at 3:19 am
you truly are a du.mb azz.
grow a brain Nl663R , you have no clue what ur talking about about.
@auset
Auset Reply
October 28, 2013 at 4:53 pm
If the words are too big for you to understand, then get a dictionary. If you can’t handle that, put your thinking cap on, ask a first grade teacher to help you learn how to use a dictionary and help you with the big words.
Candee Reply
October 27, 2013 at 8:02 am
Obama will NEVER touch this one!!!
(Ha ha) .................................................. .............!
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