as (I) study every inch of "Slavery 1619-
through out its continual effect herein as of this very undersigned date,
my quest was led to the most important characteristic of all
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868)
A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans,
Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, in opposition to
President Andrew Johnson.
And The Answer is correct of "Thaddeus Stevens", however the real honest 100% question is in 2014 Are "You"
Negro African American "President Barack Obama" ready and (Really) care to open up the grave,
and give to your (Negro) African American People in The United States of America,
What truly belongs to them "Full legitimate standing for a 2014 Reparation Act..!
Or are you "Mr. President Barack Obama just beating your dam gums, ignoring,
and turning your Back fully own your very own (Negro) African American People
"Speak" now or Forever hold your Peace and the real change you claim to seek "Well"
"You" Mr. President Barack Obama continue to just walk away from it (Thee) Negro African American descendants whom all prayed for this day to come
for a (Negro) African Citizen to hold office of the President of the United States of America"
And Make Real Change that includes the (Negro) People in the History of 2014 and well into 2080
There is noting hard about this issue of Reparations at all, and Congress will never cross this path to be 100% Fair in 2014 as they the "White Control Ruling Class"
Forever place old holds on the Issue of Their own criminal pass to ungodly hold on to the rightful "ill-gotten gains" acquired by evil, dishonest
"Killer Means of Slavery being set into play well into 2016 election until the Death of not only you ,
but the passing death of our own (Negro) Grandchildren forever suffering narrow-minded;
bigoted endless bounded black listed forbidden Congress old school Laws
School Home work for this Very Day
dor·mant
1. Lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive.
2. Latent but capable of being activated: "a harrowing experience which . . .
lay dormant but still menacing" (Charles Jackson).
3. Temporarily quiescent:
a dormant volcano. A.K.A (Thaddeus Stevens)
United States of America "Slavery"
When war began in April 1861, Stevens argued that the Confederates were revolutionaries, to be crushed by force.
He also believed that the Confederacy had placed itself beyond the protection of the U.S. Constitution by making war, and in a reconstituted United States,
slavery would have no place. Speaker Galusha Grow, whose views placed him with Stevens among the members becoming known as the Radical Republicans
(for their position on slavery, as opposed to the Conservative or Moderate Republicans),
appointed him as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This position gave him power over the House's agenda.
Abolition—Yes! abolish everything on the face of the earth but this Union; free every slave—slay every traitor—burn every rebel mansion,
if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom to the world and to our posterity.
Stevens accepting renomination for his congressional seat, September 1, 1862
In July 1861, Stevens secured the passage of an act to confiscate the property, including slaves, of certain rebels. In November 1861,
Stevens introduced a resolution to emancipate all slaves; it was defeated.
However legislation did pass that abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and in the territories.
By March 1862, to Stevens's exasperation, the most Lincoln had publicly supported was gradual emancipation in the Border States,
with the masters compensated by the federal government.
Stevens and other radicals were frustrated at how slow Lincoln was to adopt their policies for emancipation; according to Brodie,
"Lincoln seldom succeeded in matching Stevens's pace, though both were marching towards the same bright horizon".
In April 1862, Stevens wrote to a friend, "As for future hopes, they are poor as Lincoln is nobody."
The radicals aggressively pushed the issue, provoking Lincoln to comment: "Stevens, Sumner and [Massachusetts Senator Henry] Wilson
simply haunt me with their importunities for a Proclamation of Emancipation.
Wherever I go and whatever way I turn, they are on my tail, and still in my heart, I have the deep conviction that the hour [to issue one] has not yet come."
The President stated that if it came to a showdown between the radicals and their enemies, he would have to side with Stevens and his fellows,
and deemed them "the unhandiest devils in the world to deal with" but "with their faces ... set Zionwards".
Although Lincoln composed his proclamation in June and July 1862, the secret was held within his Cabinet,
And the President turned aside radical pleadings to issue one until after the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam in September.
Stevens quickly adopted the Emancipation Proclamation for use in his successful reelection campaign.
When Congress returned in December, Stevens maintained his criticism of Lincoln's policies, calling them "flagrant usurpations, deserving the condemnation of the community".
Stevens generally opposed Lincoln's plans to colonize freed slaves abroad, though sometimes he supported emigration proposals for political reasons.
During the Confederate incursion into the North in mid-1863 that culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg,
Confederates twice sent parties to Stevens's Caledonia Forge. Stevens, who had been there supervising operations,
was hastened away by his workers against his will. General Jubal Early looted and vandalized the Forge, causing a loss to Stevens of about $80,000.
Early said that the North had done the same to southern figures, and that Stevens was well known for his vindictiveness towards the South.
Asked if he would have taken the congressman to Libby Prison in Richmond; Early replied that he would have hanged Stevens and divided his bones among the Confederate states.
Stevens pushed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery.
The Emancipation Proclamation was a wartime measure, did not apply to all slaves, and might be reversed by peacetime courts;
an amendment would be slavery's end.[38] The Thirteenth Amendment[a]—which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime—
easily passed the Senate, but failed in the House in June; fears that it might not pass delayed a renewed attempt there.
Lincoln campaigned aggressively for the amendment after his re-election in 1864, and Stevens described his December annual message to Congress as
"the most important and best message that has been communicated to Congress for the last 60 years".
Stevens closed the debate on the amendment on January 13, 1865. Illinois Representative Isaac Arnold wrote:
"distinguished soldiers and citizens filled every available seat, to hear the eloquent old man speak on a measure that was to consummate the warfare of forty years against slavery".
The amendment passed narrowly after heavy pressure exerted by Lincoln himself, along with offers of political appointments from the "Seward lobby".
Allegations of bribery were made by Democrats; Stevens stated "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America."
The amendment was declared ratified on December 18, 1865. Stevens continued to push for a broad interpretation of it that included economic justice in addition to the formal end of slavery.
After passing the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress debated the economic rights of the freedmen.
Urged on by Stevens, it voted to authorize the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands,
with a mandate (though no funding) to set up schools and to distribute "not more than forty acres" of confiscated Confederate land to each family of freed slaves.
Stevens worked closely with Lincoln administration officials on legislation to finance the war.
Within a day of his appointment as Ways and Means chairman, he had reported a bill for a war loan.
Legislation to pay the soldiers Lincoln had already called into service and to allow the administration to borrow to prosecute the war quickly followed.
These acts and more were pushed through the House by Stevens. To defeat the delaying tactics of Copperhead opponents, he had the House set debate limits as short as half a minute.
Stevens played a major part in the passage of the Legal Tender Act of 1862, when for the first time the United States issued currency backed only by its own credit, not by gold or silver.
Early makeshifts to finance the war, such as war bonds, had failed as it became clear the war would not be short.
In 1863, Stevens aided the passage of the National Banking Act, that required that banks limit their currency issues to the amount of federal bonds that they were required to hold.
The system endured for a half-century, until supplanted by the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
Although the Legal Tender legislation allowed for the payment of government obligations in paper money,
Stevens was unable to get the Senate to agree that interest on the national debt should be paid with greenbacks.
As the value of paper money dropped, Stevens railed against gold speculators,
and in June 1864 after consultation with Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, proposed what became known as the Gold Bill—
to abolish the gold market by forbidding its sale by brokers or for future delivery.
It passed Congress in June; the chaos caused by the lack of an organized gold market caused the value of paper to drop even faster.
Under heavy pressure from the business community, Congress repealed the bill on July 1, twelve days after its passage.
Stevens was unrepentant even as the value of paper currency recovered in late 1864 amid the expectation of Union victory,
proposing legislation to make paying a premium in greenbacks for an amount in gold coin a criminal offense. It did not pass.
The (First) Reconstruction Era of the United States
Problem of reconstructing the South
As Congress debated how the U.S. would be organized after the war, the status of freed slaves and former Confederates remained undetermined.
Stevens stated that what was needed was a "radical reorganization of southern institutions, habits, and manners".
Stevens, Sumner and other radicals argued that the southern states should be treated like conquered provinces, without constitutional rights. Lincoln,
on the contrary, said that only individuals, not states, had rebelled.
In July 1864, Stevens pushed Lincoln to sign the Wade–Davis Bill, which required at least half of prewar voters to sign an oath of loyalty for a state to gain readmission.
Lincoln, who advocated his more lenient ten percent plan, pocket vetoed it.
Stevens reluctantly voted for Lincoln at the convention of the National Union Party, a coalition of Republicans and War Democrats.
He would have preferred to vote for the sitting vice president, Hannibal Hamlin, as Lincoln's running mate in 1864,
but his delegation voted to cast the state's ballots for the administration's favored candidate, Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson,
a War Democrat who had been a Tennessee senator and elected governor. Stevens was disgusted at Johnson's nomination, complaining,
"can't you get a candidate for Vice-President without going down into a damned rebel province for one?"
Stevens campaigned for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket; it was elected, as was Stevens for another term in the House.
When in January 1865 Congress learned that Lincoln had attempted peace talks with Confederate leaders,
an outraged Stevens declared that if the American electorate could vote again, they would elect General Benjamin Butler instead of Lincoln.
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