6.
Legal
factual Background
The arrival of the “20
and odd” African captives aboard a Dutch “man of war” ship on this day (August
20) in the year 1619 historically marks the early planting of the seeds of the
American slave trade.
Although American
slavery was not a known institution at the time, this group of Africans was the
first to go on record to be sold as involuntary laborers.
7.
A constitution is the
document that sets out the rules for our system of government. A constitution
sets up the Parliament, the Courts and the Executive (the Ministers who control
the public service) and how they all operate.
It is sometimes
considered the strongest law that permits all other laws to exist.
8.
“We the People of the
United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure
domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general
Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,
Do ordain and establish
this Constitution for the United States of America Signed in convention
September 17, 1787. Ratified June 21, 1788.
9.
Dred Scott v. Sandford,
60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which
the Court held that African Americans,
whether enslaved or
free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in
federal court.
10.
December 6, 1865
The 13th Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution, officially ending the institution of slavery,
Passed by Congress on
January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment
abolished slavery in the United States.
The 13th amendment,
which formally abolished slavery in the United States, passed the Senate on
April 8, 1864, and the House on January 31, 1865.
11.
The Civil Rights Act of
1866 granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all
male persons in the United States
"Without distinction of race or color, or
previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."
12.
July 9, 1868
14th Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution.
The 14th Amendment to
the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868,
And granted citizenship to “all persons born
or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently
freed.
13.
In the United States,
the Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the
Civil War.
These laws had the
intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of
compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
14.
Vagrancy Act of 1866
The
Vagrancy Act of 1866, passed by the General Assembly on January 15, 1866,
forced into employment, for a term of up to three months, any person who
appeared to be unemployed or homeless.
If
so-called vagrants ran away and were recaptured, they would be forced to work
for no compensation while wearing balls and chains.
More formally known as the Act Providing for
the Punishment of Vagrants, the law came shortly after the American Civil War
(1861–1865),
When
hundreds of thousands of African Americans, many of them just freed from
slavery, wandered in search of work and displaced family members.
As such,
the act criminalized freed people attempting to rebuild their lives and perhaps
was intended to contradict Governor Francis H. Pierpont's public statement
discouraging punitive legislation.
Shortly
after its passage, the commanding general in Virginia, Alfred H. Terry, issued
a proclamation declaring that the law would reinstitute "slavery in all
but its name" and forbidding its enforcement.
Proponents argued that the law applied to all
people regardless of race, but the resulting controversy, along with other
southern laws restricting African American rights, helped lead to military rule
in the former Confederacy and congressional Reconstruction. It is unknown to
what degree it was ever enforced, but the Vagrancy Act remained law in Virginia
until 1904.
15.
Pro Se
“Slave Negro” Louis Charles Hamilton II herein offically legally born November
8th 1961 (American) Negro Race.
16.
Jim Crow
laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern
United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in
force until 1965.
17.
The Civil
Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a
landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
18.
Until
February 7, 2013, the state of Mississippi had never submitted the required
documentation to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, meaning it never officially
had abolished slavery.
The
amendment was adopted in December 1865 after the necessary three-fourths of the
then 36 states voted in favor of ratification.
Mississippi,
however, was a holdout; at the time state lawmakers were upset that they had
not been compensated for the value of freed slaves.
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